“TANGMI PHA LEH ZAWNNA GALDOUNA” – SUITHANA
David Vumlallian Zou
Queen’s University Belfast, UK
Thu Laimu (Abstract): Bible thuhilna leh i gam a Khristian missionary-te’n zawnna galdou dan ding bang lampi kohmu a hing thei a nei uai? Hagau lam pichinna, tahsa lam leh khotang khantouna chi sil thumte khen neen thei ahi diai? Zawnna bang ziah a hing piang ahia? Thasiat ziah maw, nesui-tahsui dan khel thei lou ziah? “Society” bang china ahia? Society pumpi khantouna tellou, mimal leh innsung khat-le-ni khantouna bang di’a huntawh lou ahiai? Tami dotnate leh a kisaipi dotna dangte tami thului (article) in dawn a sawm hi.
Thu Chabite (Key-words): Nasep a lekhiatna, hagau-tahsa-khotang, kiselbuh, khophohna kitaathiam, society, leh infrastructure.
THUPATNA
Gospel Tangkou (Jan – April 2004 issue) ah “Tangmi Pha leh Zawnna Galdouna” chi ka hing gel ngai a, Tapidaw kisinsahna bukim leh kiselbuh zawh nelsia lou di’n hanthawnna khenkhat i gen zou ta hi. Sawltah Paul in “Pasian thu bubit” (Acts 20:27) ka hing pe sawnta hi, a na chi bang in, mihing hagau lam leh tahsa lam a di’a Gospel in “khiatna” nei tuahtuah ahi dan zong i gen kha ta hi. Khris Jesus in Galilee a nasep (ministry) apat tung apat, Jerusalem a nasep teng a zaw tan in a ministry pen huap lian in en gige hi. Galilee a Jesu’n nasep a pat chiil in, a tup-le-nimna (manifesto) puankhiatna masa pen khat a bawl hi:
“Mangpa Hagau ka tung ah a om hi, aziahpen mizawng-te kung a Tangmi Pha gen din sathau a hing nu hi. Saltaangte suahtatna ding, mittawte mitvahna ding, suhgenthei a omte zalensah ding, leh Mangpa lungdam kum thu puang ding a ahing sawl ka hi” (Luke 4:18).
Evangelical Tapidaw sung a Bible commentator tampi-te’n tami Jesu thugen pen ahibang lian (literal interpretation) in pom hamsa sa ua, tuaziahin khiatna thuap-nei (allegorical interpretation) dan maimai in khiatna a pia uhi. Tuaziahin, Jesu’n mizawng-te a chi pen mizawng-te genna hilou in, hagau mizawng-te a suah ta uhi. Saltaang-te leh mittaw-te zong hagau lam thu ngen genna ahing suah zel hi. Hinanleh, a tahtahin Jesu’n mizawng leh mittaw a chi leh hagau lam mai hilou in tahsa lam a mizawng leh mittaw-te zong a genna ahi pai mai hi. Bangkim hagau lam pilna dan ngen a khiat sang in, khat veivei Pasian hing piahsa lungsim toh mawl tah a khiatna pen dei huai zaw hun om hi. Tami Jesu thugen in “khotang a di’n thutuun” (social content) nei ahi chi, Galilee leh Judea a anasepna apat kimuthei hi. Bangkim hagau keleu dan a khiatna leh etna pen khovel leh khotang a Tapidaw-te mopuahna omte apat kilepmangna (escapism) lampi khat maimai ahia, hagau-mi hina zong ahi tuan sih hi.
KHRIS ITNA THUGEN LEH NASEP A “LEKHIATNA”
Jacob laigelh in sakhona dihtah leh hagau mitna hichidan in a hilchian a, “Pasian a dia sakhona dihtah leh siangthou ahileh tami ahi: tagate leh meithaite panpi ding leh khovel apat kikep siang thou ding” (Jakob 1: 27). Jakob in khovel apat kikangkoi ding a chi sih a, khovel apat taimang-pitmang ding zong a chi tuan sih hi. “Khovel apat kikep siangthou ding” chi ahi zawh hi. I zahsa hinanleh, Mother Teresa thugen khat vei i gen sawn kia dia, “Thumna nei a khut kikilte sang in, nahoi sepna a khut niahte a siangthou zaw hi”. Mother Teresa in misiangthou suahna di’n Catholic sister-te biahinn siangthou sung ah a sui sih a, Calcutta a tagate leh mizawngte teenna “slum” mun namsia leh niah kai lah ah a sui zaw hi. Jacob in “khovel apat kikep siangthou ding” achi khiatna kichian pen tami himai lou ding ama? Hagau a sianthou utna ziah a khovel apat pitmang sawm a, i unau mihing pite nasan kidahna lungsim pai ding pen sil mothuai hinanleh, sil piang thei tah khat zong ahi mawh hi.
Silo Hausa leh “Bawi” Sila-te
Tualeh Welsh missionary Dr. Peter Fraser in Mizogam a Sila khoi (“bawi” kichite) zalenna ding na sual a, Silo Lalte leh British solkal doudalnate a na thuah ngam dante zong i theisa ahi. Edinburgh University minthang tah apat na graduate khia, missionary Dr. Fraser in Mizogam a Pasian hatna a tan pen hichin a gen hi: “To translate the love of Christ into words and deeds that the poor heathen can understand …”[i] (Ginglou-te theisiam thei di’a Khris itna thugen leh nasep a lekhiat ding). “Lekhiat ding” chi kammal in khiatna thuhtah nei hi. Welsh missionary dang te’n lai nei lou Lushei-te a di’n Pasian thugen Bible ana letkhia ua, Dr. Fraser in Pasian nasep Mizo society a di’n sila suhbeina tungtawng in a na “letkhia” hi. August 2004 a Wales ka va zin lai in, 12 July 1909 ni a kisun laithot Dr. Fraser in Lunglei apat agelh khat ka va mu kha a, hichin kigelh hi:
“Lamet lou pi in tukum sung in tha-le-zung tampi silate complaint ngaikhiatna leh a gentheina uh panpina in ka hun tamipi ka subei hi. Na theisa ma bang un tulai tah in, hun hamsa in ahing tunkhum hi. Tami thu poimo tah [sila khoi tungtang] a Mangpa deilam bawl ahi theina ding ka lunggul mama hi. Unaute aw, tami silate a ding leh Lushei hausate a ding tham lou in, koute a di’n zong hing thumsah ta un” [ii].
Dr. Fraser kamteng lian ahileh, “We are desirous of doing the Master’s will in this important matter”, chi ahi. “Mangpa deilam” (“the Master’s will”) bawl pen sil bailam lou ahi ngei di’a, Fraser zong a lungkhiat hun a om tham ding hi chi a kamteng apat kiman thei hi, “… tulai tah in, hun hamsa in ahing tun khum hi”. Vangphat huai tah in, Peter Fraser zi Mary Cathrine Fraser in a pasal a somdawl (thuap) thei hi. 28 June 1911 ni’n Mary Catherine in Shillong apat laithot khat a gelh a, UK a ding hilou in, Aizawl a hattuam-te a thot zawh hileh a kilawm hi. Tami Mary laithot in tua hun laitah 1911 kum a Fraser-te nupa lungsim ngaisunna dingdan suangtuana khat ahing pe thei hi:
“Hitui-naptui toh thumna a hun tampi ka zat zou nua in, … ka pasal pang thuap di’a ka din ngam ding ahi chi ka thei semsem hi … Na theisa ma bang un, tami nasep pen ka pasal in phutlui bang in a ngaisun a, tunglam mitvahna (heavenly vision) a nual sih hi. Tami [sila suahtatna] nasep pen sil siangthou tah semdia hatna ahi chi ka thei a, bangma gen belap thei ka nei tuan sih a, eite a hing it leh thuah sah pa Jesu khut sung ah ka aap zaw hi. I Mangpa ngei zong guta-tualthat (criminal) te tawh simkhawm in ana om hi”[iii].
Mizo laphuah-tu chidan hileh, Pasian in “Sangga-gentheite ka leh mauna na ngaikhe leng/ Thudih dei mite nasep na musit ngai sih … Namchin mial apat sal apawt kipah hen”. Fr. Fraser in thudih a deina ziah in, gentheina tampi a pal a ngai a, a mission field Aizawl apat British solkal in a hawlkhia hi. Hinanleh Dr. Fraser nasep pen losam tuan lou a, 1915 kum in Lushei leh Pawi-te lah a sila-te’n British dan nuai ah zalenna ahing mu law ta uhi. Dr. Fraser in Wales gam a missionary application form a fill-up lai a, “Khris itna thugen leh nasep a lekhiat ding” a chi in, Jesu’n Galilee gam a a-ministry apat tung lai a a thugen-te lungsim ah ahing lang sah hi: “Mangpa Hagau ka tung ah a om hi, aziahpen mizawng-te kung a Tangmi Pha gen din sathau a hing nu hi. Saltaangte suahtatna ding … suhgenthei a omte zalensah ding …” Hichibang zalenna nasep pen sil bailam hilou a, aman piah ngai a, gentheina zong thuah ding tampi om hi. Tuamiziah in, Mary Fraser in, Shillong apat Aizawl hattuamte lai athotna ah, “I Mangpa ngei zong guta-tualthat (criminal) te tawh simkhawm in ana om hi” chi ahing theikhe tha hi. Luhlulna ziah a zong gentheina thuah thei tham ahi. Tuaziahin “genthei tuhahna” mai khu sil thupi ahi tuan sih a, “genthei thuahna ziah-le-san” khu sil poimaw pen ahi zaw hi. Tatkhialna ziah a gentheina pen gawtna ahia; hinanleh thudi panpi ziah a genthei thuahna pen mei a kihal suangmantam bang ahia, mihing lungsim a khangkhang in a taanvah thei hi. Tapidaw Galhang – Dr. Fraser leh Mother Teresa te’n – Jesu thugen leh nasepte theidan-mudan gil mama nei uhi. Sawltah Paul in “Pasian thu bubit” achi leh Jakob in “Pasian a dia sakhona dihtah leh siangthou” a chi tawh kinai mama “tunglam mitvahna” (heavenly vision) khat a nei uhi.
Hinna Nempi: “Hagau-Tahsa-Khotang” Selbuh Theina
Mihing hagau, tahsa leh khotang (soul-body-society) a di’a damna bukim thei pen di’a nasep utna Jesu ministry ah tamveipi kilang hi. Jesu pen hagau gilkial-te a di’a annpheng mai hilou in, mipi-te tahsa gilgialna zong nelsia tuan sam lou a, nga-le-annpheng bang na supung hial hi. “Mi gilkial leh puansil ding nei lou khat kung ah, ‘Taitah leh vah tahin pei tan’ chi’n a silding puan leh nehding ann pe tuan sih lei bang a phatuam diai?” (Jakob 2: 16). Mihing-te hagau keleu dan a etna leh, tahsa nei leh khotang a teng ahilam uh manghilna pen “Pasian thu bubit” chi ngam huai lou hi. Khantanhoi Mathai 5:13-14 ah, Tapidaw gingtu-te pen Jusu’n “khovel vah nahi uh”, “lei chi” (salt of the earth) na chi a, gingtu-te pen khotang (khovel) leh leitung (vantung hinai lou) a om ahi uh chi thei chian mama hi. Ei Protestant Tapidaw sung ah mimal sianthouna leh mimal ginna ki-uang gen seeng na lam ah, Tapidaw-te omna khotang suhvah ding leh chii bang a aal ding kinelsia mama hi. Kei ka sianthou nah leh hun, keima mimal hagau hutdam ahi nah leh hun, kou inn sung a bit nahleh hun, chidan a mimal angmasialna Protestant Tapidaw-te sung ah tam mama hi. Tuami ziahin khotang sianthouna tel lou mimal sianthouna na kidel sawm a, ahivang in Tapidaw-te teenna khotang niah-le-bua (corrupt) ahi chiang in gingtu mimal a tuam sianthou velvol chi ding zong a tawm mama a, zong a omthei mel sih hi. Mipil khat in hichi’n a gen a, “Migilou khenkhat ziah a society sia hilou in, mihoi tampite ziah a kisia ahi zawh hi”. A omdan pen ahileh, mi gilou khat-le-ni om ziah maimai a siatna hing tung hilou in, mihoi tampite’n thudih dinpi di’a a kam uh a kah ngam lou a, khut uh a lamtou ngam lou, ziah ua migiloute tupna tangtun sah a om ahi, chi nuam dan ihi.
Tanglai zawlnei-te bang a khotang niahna-buahna dou ngam mimal-te bou in mimal sianthouna a nei pan beb ding hi. Jesu’n zong a leitung nasepna ah zawlnei-te khotang veina hagau (spirit of social concern) tahlang mama hi. Tapidaw-te teenna society pen etton tah khotang (model society) khat ahi ding Pasian deina ahi. Gendan tuam in gen lei, Tapidaw-te society pen “khovel vah” leh “lei chii” ahi ding Jesu thuhilna ahi. Khovel ah bang ma a bukim om lou a, zong om thei lou ding a, hinanleh Van a Pasian deina bukim bawl ahibang a, lei a zong Ama deilam a bukim thei tan a bawl sawm di’a thupiah i hi. Mang Biahna i gen teng a tami pho tha di’a lamet i hi malam uhi. Tuami ding in, ahithei tan a “Pasian thu bubit” leh etton tah Tapidaw society tup ding ahing poimaw leuleu hi. Tapidaw-te hagau pichinna, tahsa pichinna leh khotang sianthouna chi sil thum tei beh tel lou muna (vision) pen “Pasian thu bubit” a ching zou sih ding hi.
Ei Zou Tapidaw sung ah mimal hagau hutdamna maimai ki-uang bawl a, tahsa hutdamna bang kinelsia zel a, khotang hutdamna leh sianthouna pen Vangam lam tun chiang a buaipi pan din kingai sun hi. Hinanleh Jesu nasep dan leh Thuhun Lui zawlnei-te hagau i sui leh, tami sianthouna chi thum teng zawh khawm a, ki-khen thei lou hi. Tami sil thum lah a khat penpen i nelsia leh “hagau-tahsa-khotang” khantouna dihtah leh kiselbuh om thei tuan lou hi. Sawltah Paul in Timothi kung a “thudih kiselbuh tah a hawm ding” (II Tim. 2: 15) – Mangkam in “rightly dividing the word of truth” – a chi pen sil hamsa hinanleh, Khristian pichinna dia sil poimaw mama ahi. A.W. Tozer in hi chi’n a gen a, “Tung leng vate ha khat maimai in leng thei lou a, tuachin Thudih in zong ha ni kisam hi” a chi hi. Laphuah-tu in “Khristian peidan siam in …” achi khu Khristian hinkhua genna mai hilou in, kithuhilna leh sil etdan himhim a kiselbuhna theisiamna di’n kisam hi. Hichibang kiselbuhna ahileh hagau nawitui maimai a kivahte’n nei thei zepzep lou a, Tapidaw piching angum a kivahte leh sia-le-pha khen siam te bou in nei thei zaw uhi (Heb. 5: 13). Hebrai laigelhtu in mi piching khat pen a “khophohna zatmun leh taathiam a om in, sia-le-pha a khen thei hi” (Heb. 5:14) achi hi. Sapkam in hichi’n a gen a, “Those who by reason of use have their sense exercised to discern both good and evil”. Thudih selbuh theina lam a pichinna pen zankhat-sunkhat thu a tun thei hilou ahi chi Hebrai gelhtu in a thei a, tuaziahin “khophohna zatmun leh taathiam” ziah ahi (“by reason of use … sense exercise”) chi a gen vateh hi.
Khristian Khophohna Kitaathiam
Khut langkhat a Bible himlang bang a tawi a, khut lang khat a “newspaper” tawh selbuh tuah theina pen Khristian piching te a dia “khophona taathiamna” chi khat ahi malam hi. Tulai khang a Tapidaw-te mimal leh khotang hamsatnate i et chiang a, i mit lang ni a ha kilkel a, mihingte “hagau-tahsa-khotang” (soul-body-society) a om ahi chi mutheina leh phohna bang pichinna leh “khophohna taathiamna” lampi khat ahi leuleu hi. Ahithei tantan a, “Pasian thu bubit” suithuh tinten na, leh thu langbai maimai a lungkim louna zong “khophohna taathiamna” chi khat ahi kia hi. Sum Rs. 100/- note pen a lang khat maimai kisun mawh leh bukim lou ding a, tuama bang in thudih in zong maitang ni, leh lang ni nei a, tuami maitang ni tegel i musua matan a lungkim lou ding ahi. Mi tampi pen thudih chanve tawh lungkim paipai a, sum note lang khat maimai kisun bang in thudih langkhat maimai sumkuang chiang kei in a kei uhi. Tami pen Tapidaw pichinna hi lou a, “khophohna taathiamna” lampi zong ahi sih hi.
Zou sung a pawl kikhenna ziah poimaw khat ahileh thudih ha lang ni, leh thudih maitang lang ni i musua zou lou ziah hidi’n ka gingta hi. “Ei theina leh peidan maimai dih, amau peidan Pasian deidan hi sih” chi ngadan Khristian khat in a nei chiang in, “khophohna taathiamna” leh pichinna lampi apat pial mang ahi ta a, “Khristian peidan siam in” chi phoh tha hun ahi. Aziah pen “Pasian thu bubit” pen mimal khat leh pawl khat maimai in innkawm-bemkawm a kep thei ahi sih a, kiniam khiat leh “khophohna taathiam” a i sui gige ding Lampi ahi zaw hi. Tami pichinna pen tunna-le-khawlna ding mun phah tawp ahi sih a, peina leh kitaat hiamna ding Lampi genna ahi zaw hi. “Pasian thu bubit” pen singkuang sung a khum den thei leh mimal a tan den thei sil ahi sih a, hinanleh Tapidaw piching leh “khophohna taathiam” a om te’n kiniam khiat tah a tuami Lampi a sui chiang un a gaalmu thei zelzel ua, Thudih ha ni leh maitang ni tegel zong a lunsim mit uah kilang thei zelzel hi. Hichi bang thudih maitang ni muthei leh mitvahna nei Tapidaw piching khat a di’n i kibuaina leh kikhenna tampite uh sil mot huai bang in kilang a, Tapidaw-te a di’n mualphouna ahi chi zong a mu thei hi. Tami pen mihing etdan kiningching zaw, Khristiante pen tahsa-hagau-khotang a om ahi chi muna-theina a nei ziah ahi. Mi khen khat in mihing pen hagau (soul) maimai in en ua, hagau mangthang mat ding chua a ngai kho uhi. Mi khen khat kia in pen mihingte tahsa (body) nei maimai in a mu ua, tahsa a ding sum-le-paite chi lou bangma a ngaikhoh sih uhi. Mi khen khat leuleu in mihing pen khotang (society) a om ahi chi thei na pi’n mimal zaleenna zong poimaw ahi lam a neisia zel uhi. Muna bukim zaw leh piching zaw i nei theina di’n tami sil thum – hagau, tahsa, khotang – a bawn a mu suah gige kisam a, khenkhiat ding ahi vawt sih uhi. Tapidaw ginum Dr. Peter Fraser leh Mother Teressa-te bang in Jesu nasepna kiningching ahidan na muchian ua, zong na enton tham uhi. Tuaziah in, Dr. Peter Fraser in “Khris itna nasep a lekhiat ding” ana tum a, Silo hausate khut apat Bawi Sila-te a di’n suahtatna na tun hi. Dr. Fraser in a “Mangpa deina” (Master’s will) muna-le-theina piching tah nei a, tuaziahin a Pasian nasepna ziah in, Mizo Tapidaw-te’n “Mangpa loupi pen pah bang ka hing tawi uh …” achi thei uhi. Ana i sepsah i Pu deina kiningching tah a mu ding poimaw mama hi. Tua ahi lou leh pen i nemngainate zong phatuam lou di’a, i Mangpa leh a hattuamte a di’a mualphotna, zumna-daina leh kikhenna meikuang tan pha kitun thei beb hi.
HATTUAM SANG A “SOCIETY” NGAINA ZAW?
“Society” chi kammal pen Zoukam in lekhiat ahamsa mama hi. Khatvei teng society pen “khotang hinkhua” chin kilet suh gawp a, hinanleh a dih thei sih a, mi khenkhat in “society” omdan a pum theikhial law uhi. Society in khotang hinkhua ban ah, tawndan, hindan, neh-le-tah suidan, politiks a kivaikhawm dan, leh Pasian biahdante a koh kha hi. Mikhen khat in “society” kammal leh “organization” a kibang dan in a ngaisun ua, tami in lung buaina a tun thei hi. “Society” chi kammal tami thului (article) a i zatdan ahileh Building Society genna maimai ahi sih a, Women Society leh Marup Sen Society genna zong ahi tuan sih hi. Zilna lam a Sociology siamte’n “society” a chi pen gen nuam i hi zaw a, tami khiatna lian pen Zoukam in gen hamsa sim hi.
Atom a gen in, society pen mihing khat sang a tamzaw omna mun genna ahia, tuahziahin hattuam pawlpite zong society pulam a om ahi tuan sih uhi. Mimal khat tuikul-gam ah a ngentang in om leh society pulam a om chithei pan ahia, hinanleh lawm khat maimai a nei le zong society in a huampha veve hi. Pasian in mihingte society a teng dia asiam ahia, tuaziahin gamsa i hilou buang leh society sung a om ihi. Tapidaw-te pen ngal khaat (wild boar) leh zu tal (male mouse) tol ten bang a hing di’a lamet ahi sih ua, mesi nam (society of ants) leh khuai innkuan (family of bees) te bang a teeng dia siam tha ahi zaw uhi. Bible sung ah Paunahte’n mesi-te hinkhua sui ding in ahing hanthon kha tham hi, “Leitung ah sil neu mama, ahivang a apil-apil sil li a om hi. Mi thahat hisih nanleh uh, mesite’n doupi lai in a ne ding uh bu-le-baal a khol khawm uhi…” (Prov.30:24-25). Mun dang khat ma ah, Paunahte’n mesi-te apat taimatna zil di’n ahing kawhmu kia hi (Prov. 6:6). Zou sung gen lou Protestant Tapidaw-te sung ah, mi tampi in Khristian hinkhua pen mesi-te society sang in “zu tal tolten” bang dan in ngaisun nuam mama uhi.
Puritan laigel minthang John Bunyan bang in zong Khristian Khualzin (Pilgrim’s Progress)[iv] kum zabi 17 hun lai a ana gelh in Khristian hinkhua pen ngal khaat (wild boar) leh zu tolten bang pian in na gelh zaw hi. Khristian Khualzin (1678 a kisun) pen Tapidaw laibu minthang leh thupi tah ahivang in, Bible a gingtu-te lim (Biblical image) saang in Puritan kuulmut-te lim toh kinai zaw hi. Gen dan tuam in gen lei, Tapidaw-te pen hagau nei, tahsa nei, khotang a teeng (soul-body-society) dan sang in John Bunyan “Khristian” mudan pen society pulam a, tahsa nei non lou, hagau keleu a hing dan in a kilang sah zawh hi. Tami pen “Pasian thu bubit” ching zou non lou zel hi. Hinanleh Bible in Tapidaw-te pen gamsa bang a tangtat ding leh khualzin di’n ahing lamen sih a, “mi khen khat bang in khat leh khat kipawl khawm ding na manghil sih un” (Heb. 10: 25) chi’a thuhil i hi zaw uhi. Jesu mama in zong, “Ka min a mi ni-le-thum na kikhop uleh na lah ua ka om ding hi” (Mat. 18:20) a na chi hi. “Ka min a mi khat maimai na kikhop uleh zong …” a chi sih a, “mi khat-le-ni” zong chi hi lou na lai hi. “Ka min a mi ni-le-thum …” chi ahi sese hi. I Mangpa’n khat sang a tam zaw kikhopna gen nuam ahi chi mu thei ahi. Mikhat maimai pen “society” leh kikhopna, kichi thei lou hi. “Quite time” zat leh gingtu mimal thumna pen a poimaw a, hinanleh tami lampang uang bawlna lam ah Tapidaw-te pen “hagau-tahsa-khotang” (soul-body-society) chi sil thum teitei selbuh dia lamet ahilam manghil bailam mama hi. Tuaziah in, “Quite time” (mimal thumna) leh mimal Bible sim ding i gen lai un zong, Tapidaw-te’n pen a khut lang khat a Bible tawi a, a lang khat a “newspaper” tawi ding pen Khristian pichinna dia sil kisam ahi zawh hi.
Mikhen khat in “Hattuam pawlpi sang a society ngaina zaw” chi kammal a zang ngai ua, society leh hattuam pen melma bang in a gen kha uhi. Society pen tampi vei laibu (text) toh tekhin in omzel a, huchi hitaleh Thuhun Tha bute sang a Thuhun Lui bute ngaina zaw, chi bang a om thei diai? Society pen Bible pumpi hitaleh, Thuhun Tha hattuamte pen New Testament(NT) laibu teng bang ahi. NT leh OT teng khat ahima bang in hattuam leh society zong khat ahi veve uhi. I society pen Tapidaw society asuahna dia pan i lah lou leh Khristian hattuam a beh a kisusiang thei tuan lou hi. Khrist ngei zong a chiil a Thu (logos) hinanleh tahsa leh sisan nei in Jew-mi hing suah a Jew-te society sung ah mihing bang in a om hi. Van a hing kipan hinanleh mihing society khu a nasepna “mission field” ahi. Tuaziah in, society pen “khotang hinkhua” china mai hizaw lou in, mihingte hinkhua leh khoheidan pumpi genna ahizaw hi. Tualeh society pen mi ni-le-thum kipun khawm genna maimai zong hi lou a, tuami kipun khawmna sil tha dan a muna-le-etna ahi zaw hi. Etsana di’n, tui (water) pen Hydrogen atom 2 leh Oxygen atom 1 kigawm ahia; hinanleh tui pen hydrogen chi thei ahi non sih a, oxygen zong ahi diah sih a, kigawmna sil tha “tui” kichi khu ahi mai hi. Hydrogen atom kidawn thei lou a, oxygen zong kidawm thei lou hi; hinanleh “tui” kidawn thei hi. Tuaziah in mi ni-le-thum om khawm pen society hinai lou a, tami kipunkhawmna apat sil tha hing piang pen society kichi zaw hi. Pahpe (flower) pen et lawm mama a, tua etlawmna thei ut in a nengneng in malzan in khenkhe lechin pahpe kilawmna mu ding om non lou zel hi. Tualeh pahpe a neng neng a kikhente pen pahpe kilawm gen thada, pahpe zong kichi thei non lou ding hi. Society om ziah zong hichi dan ahia, mimal ni-le-thum, pawl ni-le-thum kipun khawmna apat sil tha leh thupi zaw hing piang khia pen society chi thei pan ahi.
Kum zabi 19 lai a Dutch Calvinist theologian siam pen khat Abraham Kuyper (1837 – 1920) in Khristian-te leh i khotang/ bouruak kikal hilchetna navah pen khat ana gen kha ngai hi:
“God created hand, head, and heart; the hand for the deed, the head for the world, the heart for mysticism. King in deed, prophet in profession, and priest in heart, shall man in this threefold office stand before God …”[v].
Zoukam a lekhiatna,
“Pasian in khut, lutang, leh lungsim ana siam hi; nasepna din khut, khovel khosahna din lutang, leh hagau lam lunggelna din lungsim a siam hi. Nasep a kumpi bang in, khovel a zawlnei bang in, leh lunggelna a siampu bang in mihingte tami mopuahna chi thum toh Pasian masang ah a ding ding uhi”.
Abraham Kuyper in a gen zom zel na ah, Tapidaw-te pen “hattuam sung a kikhum chimit a, khovel pen a suahsuah ta hen chi thei gual hi lou hi. Tunglam apat hatna sang pen in khovel khantouna kalkhat sang zaw a dom tou a, Pasian deidan tawh kinaisah sem ding leh, khovel a thanghuaina-buahna tampite (much painful corruption) kawm kal lah a, sil hoi tap hot, sil kilawm ta phot, leh genphat bang sil taphot zuun ding a thupiah ahi” [vi] a chi hi. Kuyper in uar-bi nei Tapidaw-te leh ama khang a Tapidaw kulmuut (fundamentalist)-te genphatna ding a thei tuan sih a, hinanleh aw-dam tah in taihilna a bawl hi:
“Ei khang a Tapidaw kuulmut-te’n sakhona pen mimal kibutna suangkul in a nei mawh uhi. Tuaziahin, hun khat lai a, mihingte hinna zungpi pen na hi ngai sakhona khu tuni chaing in innsung tawng leh mu phalou gam ah selmang in a om ta hi” [vii].
MISSIONARY-TE MABANG PATSA
Khristian-te pen “hagau-tahsa-khotang” (soul-body-society) a om ahiziah un, tami sil thum teng kituah tah a a khantou ngai ahi chi i gen zou ta uhi. Ei Zoukam ah tahsa-le-hagau chi i genthei zel a, hinanleh tami gel in society genkha nai lou ahi. Welsh Presbyterian mission leh American Baptist mission-te’n Tapidaw sintangmi-te hagau-tahsa-khotang khantouna na ngai poimaw mama uhi. Mizogam a Welsh missionary Zosaphluia in khotang damtheina (public hygine) tawh kisai a “Thupiah Guh” zen a piahte zong khat vei i gen kha ta ua, i gen kia non sih ding uhi[viii]. Tun Nagaland a American missionary-te nasep dan tam lou i en zual ding uhi. Mission school leh hospital-te pen i theisa in koi mai vai in, i phoh pha non lou uh American Baptist missionary-te’n zawnna galdouna dia a nasepte uh khenkhat i sui tha ding uhi. January 1912 in Kohima khua apat American missionary Rev. Sidney Rivenburg in USA a om a tanu a di’n laithot khat a gelh a, Naga-te neh-le-suina lam leh society pumpi a vei dan a gen hi. Rev. Rivenburg in English Jersey bawngpi thum Manipur ah hing kipaw tung a, ghee factory pat a kisawm dan a gen hi. Tua bangpi (cows) thumte min pen Faith, Hope, leh Charity ahi uhi. Tami teng thum lah ah, Rev. Rivenburg in Naga gam a khoi ding in, Bawngpi Hope kichi pen a lei sawn a, tami Jersy Bawngpi chidam tah in Naga gam a hing tung hi. Tami Bawngpi Hope in nou khat ahing nei a, Rivenburg in bawngnou min din Patience a chi hi. Hinanleh Naga gam mual-le-tangte keen mama a, ni khat thum gualna a nei lai tah un, mi khat in Rivenburg kung ah na Bawngpi Hope keen ah kesuh ta, chi’n ahing gen hi. Bawmgpi Hope pen keen sangpi apat na kesuh ma a, a dam zou non sih hi. Tuaziah in, Rev. Rivenburg in a 1912 a a-laithot ah hichi’n a gen hi:
“So has perished every endeavor I have made in trying to improve the material resources of the Nagas; only Christianizing and educating them seems to have been successful”[ix].
Zoukam a lekhiatna,
“Naga-te nei-le-lam tahsa lam khantouna dia theitawp sua a ka panlanate a kuitung zou sih a, Tapidaw suah sahna leh laisimna lam maimai a loching dan in a kilang hi.”
Welsh Presbyterian mission leh American Baptist mission-te’n Tapidaw hattuam dettah India Mal-suah lam a om theina din, sum-le-pai a hattuam ama keng a din thei ngai ahi chi thei chian mama uhi. Hattuam-te pen sum-le-pai a koima khut a kinga lou di’n a hanchiam uhi. Tuami di’n sum suidan leh mudan lampi a hil uh a ngai hi. Thupil khat in, na lawmpa na deisah leh, na nga (fish) matsate na hop sang in, nga matdan ding hil zawh in, a na chi bang dah ahi.
Assam a American missionry, Rev. A.K. Gurney in 1886 Missionary Khawmpi ah hichin a gen a, “Tapidaw a suah ziah mai un bang ma a thawn in pe sin, ahithei tan in silthawn piah [gingtu suah thate] mawh piah vawt sin len, sil khat pou na piah leh a nasep thaman ziah hi zaw hen … Amau-le-amau nasep silbawl a changkanna a tahlat lou uleh, a thawn in summuna (income) pe sin”[x]. American Baptist missionary mudan in zawnna gal midang tung a kinga a, sil thawn piah a suhveng thei hilou ahi, chi a kilang hi. Tapidaw suah ziah mai a zawnna bei ding ahi sih a, zawnna doudan ding lampi pen missionary-te’n hing kohmu thei giap uhi. Ei-le-ei kiseh ngai a, eima ngei in pandan ding lampi suingai-kanngai a, lampi tuamtuam sial ngai zel zawh hi. Tami tawh kisai in, antang-ham hing kipatdan tanchin zong i gen kha ngai ta uhi. Missionary tuamtuam in, amau mimal theina-le-siamna tawh kituah in, zawnna galdou dan ding ngaidan tuamtuam a nei uhi. Rev. Rivenburg in Jersey Bawngpi khoidan apat sawm bang in, American missionary veve Rev. Bronson in 1850 lai in Naga Tapidaw suathate haichi-le-theinou tha suan di’n ana hanthon hi. Naga khua Namsang mun apat 14 March 1840 in a kigelh a laithot ah Rev. Bronson in hichin a gen hi:
“Naga-te pen sumbu bawlna lam leh haichi phatuam khat poupou chiinna lam ah lunglut tuah uhi. Haichi zaat tuamtuam chiin pat ding ka lunggul a, gehu, aalu, huan me chi tuamtuam, leh pat (cotton) zong a gamlei tang tawh kituah di’n ka gingta hi. Apple leh theinou dang tampi zong chiin thei ahi ding uhi”[xi].
Welsh Presbyterian missionary Rev. Thomas Jones in zong Khasi society a zawnna om pen na vei mama a, ama pan theina tan ah, Khasi Tapidaw-te nehsui-tahsuidan lampi changkang zaw leh “Community Development” panlah ding dan na kohmu sawm hi. Thomas Jones in Khasi-te aalu (potato) chiindan tha a zilsah ban ah, suang-meihol zatdan tha a hil hi. Khasi-Jaintia gam ah suang-meihol tampi om a, hinanleh tuami lai in a gammite’n “lime” suangnot mei a halna di’n suang-meihol saang in singtun ma na zang nalai uhi[xii]. Tami Welsh missionary Jones muna pat in, Khasi-te tahsap pen hagau khantouna mai hilouin, “hagau-tahsa-khotang” a khantouna kining ching zaw ahi.
Tualeh Rev. John Pengwern Jones zong Sylhet leh Maulvi Bazaar a Welsh missionary poimaw mama khat ahi. Tu’n Sylhet leh Maulvi Bazaar munte Bangladesh ah om ta ua, hinanleh British “colonial” hun lai in India Mal-Suah gam a kingaisun ahi uhi. Rev. J.P. Jones (Mizogam a Zosaplhui “D.E. Jones” pen hi lou) in Sylhet ah 1887 apat a zi tawh missionary nasep a na pan uhi. Sylhet a tun zou kaal khat sung in a zi in cholera hing vei in a sisan phut ta hi. A shi hun ding thei hileh kilawm in, a zi in Rev. Jones kung ah, “Ken hing sisan leng bang na chi diai?” a chi thei zel hi. Jones in a dawnna ah, “Tua ka pandan le ni in na ka sep belap ding” a chi hi. Sylhet a om sung in Jones in khristian magazine ni a sun a, school zong a hong hi. Tua zou in Maulvi Bazaar kichi khua ah a kituan leuleu, tami mun ah tagate etkolna ding inn khat a pan khia hi. A zi shi zou in Jones a le ni in na a seem hi, chi thei ahi. Thum mi ahiziah in, Maulvi Bazaar ah Jones in gua (bamboo) a kilam Thumnna Inn – “basha” – kichi khat a tung ding a, zingkal teng tami mun ah thumna a nei hi. Thum mi ahivang in, Jones pen mi “practival” mama ahia, thumna a gintat bang in nasep zong a gingta hi. Maulvi Bazaar a tun in, tami khomite hamsatna thupi pen leiba bat leh sum leitawi thu ahi chi a thei khia hi. Sum met niam tah a sum leitawina ding lampi a om lou ziah in, mi tampi’n leiba dit seng lou a ba uhi. Tuaziah in, Rev. Jones in Maulvi Bazaar khomite panpina “Co-operative Bank” khat a hong a, kum tampi tami bank ah director na a sem hi.
India in 1947 a zalenna a mu zou apat, Tumlam missionary-te’n ei-le-ei i kitoudel theina di’n awlawl in ahing peisan ta uhi. Amau un India Mal-Suah gam a “hagau-tahsa-khotang” khantouna ding leh “zawnna galdouna” mabang ana pat sate uh tuni’n maban zop ding pen ei khut a om ahi ta hi. Ei Zou suang ah pen Tumlam mikang – Father Ravarico sim lou – koima hing pei sih nanleh, unau Mizo, Thadou leh Paite kampaute apat Tanchin Pha in ahing zel sua ta hi. Tu’n Zou tate zong eima keng a ding a, i nua leh ma pilvang tah a en vengveng a, maban zawnna gal bang chi dou ding ahiai? chi sui thuh leh kan a kisap ta hi. I kim-le-kiang bouruak kikhel zel ah bang chi panlah ding chi kikup hun mama ta a, zekai sim bawn ahi ta hi. Tunai in, Manipur a nehsui-tahsui dan ding lampi kikupna khat ah, Dr S. Vettivel in Manipur singtanggam lei tawh “Vanilla spice plan”[xiii] kituah ding hi, chi a mukhia hi. Aman Kerala leh Karnataka taanggam a “Vanilla plant” kichiin bang in, Manipur ah zong kichiing thei ding hi, a chi hi. Tualeh Dr Vettivel in singkung lian pipi, “pine tree” (meila sing) chite suan pen tha-le-zung senna tawh summuna (income) kituah lou in a ngaisun a, meet a sa sih hi. “Vanilla” ahileh bepi kung leh ga kung bang a sing bazaam khat ahia, Mexico mun apat hing kithei khia ahia, gamlum (tropics) tawh kituah sing-bazaam ahi. Tu’n South India tan pha ah India mite’n chiing ua, “spice” mantam mama ahiman in, summuna nah (income) hoi mama a suah hi.
“BANG DIA EI MITE HICHI ZAWN TA LAWM I HIAI?”
Zou Tapidaw-te kum 50 bang a upa ahitah man in, Khristian-te “hagau-tahsa-khotang” lam tawh kisai buainate zong piching tah a mudan-etdan nei thei ding dei huai pan ta hi. Zawnna pen mihingte tahsa leh khotang khantouna ding mai hilou in, Tapidaw-te hagau lam khantouna di’n zong nohpha phaban hi. Zawn dan leh hau dan siam ding i gen lai un zong, zawnna galdou ding pen nelsia tuan lou ding ahi. Mipil khat in hichin a gen a, “Mizawng-te a din Pasian pen annpheng” ahi mai hi. Thuhun Lui sung a Jew mipil Agur in zong mi zawngte pen dihtat ut nanleh uh, hamsa a sa vevo uh hi, chi thei ahi ngei dia, Pasian kung ah zawnna apat suahtat ding a ngen hi. Agur in hausat seng zong a dei sih a, zawn seng zong a dei sih hi (Prov. 30: 8). Agur in hau seng leng Pasian manghil kha vang in, zawng seng leng lah gutah kha vang in Pasian ka suminse kha ding hi, achi hi (Prov. 30:9). Zou Tapidaw-te pen a hau seng sang in, a zawng seng a Pasian suminse lam ki hi zaw dan hi. Tum lam Tapidaw-te khenkhat pen a hau seng a Pasian manghil hi kha na ven, hinanleh ei India Mal-Sua lam a Tapidaw-te’n pen tu-le-tu’n zawnna galdou ding tampi kinei nalai hi. Tumlam Tapidaw-te mit a et in, ei Zou-te zawndan pen theisiam hamsa phial hi.
Sum Nah Kang, Zogam Lei Tul Ta, Maban Bang E ?
Delhi a ka om sung in, khat vei Lamka lam mi Delhi a central service sem khat in, “Bang dia ei mite hichi zawn ta lawm i hiai? I thasiat seng ziah hou a zawng hi kha vai” chi’n ahing gen doh phut hi. Tami dotna pen dawn hamsa ka sa mama a, ka manghil sawm zel hi. Hinanleh Zou Tapidaw-te zawndan leh Tumlam Tapidaw-te dinmun ka mu chiang in, a tha in tami dotna, “Bang dia ei mite hichi zawn ta lawm i hiai?” chi ka geldoh zel hi. Delhi a tami dotna hing bawltu in eimi-te thasiat ziah a zawng hidin a hisap hi. Delhi a niteng a zingkal apat nitum tan office a a-nasep dan utawh tekah in, Manipur a state service semte pen aman thasia sa ahi tham ding hi. Hinanleh eimi singtang a teeng, phalva apat nitum tan louhoute pen thasia kichi thei lou a, nanleh a taimat vang un a zawng veve uhi. Zawnna pen mi khenkhat a di’n thasiat ziah hi thou nanleh, mikim a di’n thasiat ziah hi gige sam lou dan ahi. Tua ahileh “Bang dia ei mite hichi zawn ta lawm i hiai?”
Dawnna khat ahileh sum muna (income) nei lou ziah, ahilouleh income neu ziah a zawng i hi, chi pen i theisa ahi. Punjab a “Green Revolution” zou apat, India in neh ding bu-le-baal hau mama a, a koina ding taangpang nasan nei non lou a, Indian Ocean tuipi sung ah antang a bag bag in a pai khia uhi. Antang leh buhum inn dim in om nanleh, “income” i nei lou leh ei neh pha ding om tuan lou dan ahi. Gendan tuam in gen ta lei, ei singtangmi-te a di’n lou haw ngai lou ahi, income nei pou lei bu-le-bal India mun dang apat neh seng lou om hi. Pasian in khovel a mun leh gam tuamtuam siam a, bu-le-baal chiinna din ei singtanggam sang a hoi zaw tampi a siam hi. Punjab Phaizang, Ganga Phaizang leh Brahmaputra Phaizang-te maimai in zong India mipi-te neh ding bu-le-baal kiningching tah in piangsah zou hi. Tuaziahin ei singtang mualdawn pen Pasian in bu-le-baal chiinna dia hoi pen a a-siam munte hi khol lou ding ahi. I singtanggam leitang tawh kituah zaw haichi leh theinou-singnou sum (income) mu theina tampi om zaw kha maithei hi. Tuabang thu-le-late lim tah a i kan a, guntu tah a i sui uh poimaw mama hi. Tulai tah a ei singtangmi Tapidaw-te louhaw dan pen Pasian silsiamte tawh kidouna ahidan khatvei i gen kha ngai ta uhi. Sing-le-guate mei a hal tumna, zu-le-vate tawh ki melmatna, leh Pasian silsiamte theisiam sawm lou a gaal bawlna-te bang Tapidaw-te chindan zau huai ahi dan thei hun ta hi. I Zogam a Pasian silsiamte i theisiam lou ua, i kidoupi den uleh, khatvei chiang in silsiamte’n phuba hing la ngei dia, van guatui-te na san in hing nuasan dia, i Zogam sehneel gam gawta hing suah dia, zawnna leh gentheina tua sang a huaise zawh hing tung thei hi. Ei Manipur a singtang lou houte’n “jhuming” (kum teng a loumun kituan) a chiin lai un, Tapidaw gam veve Nagaland ah a changkang zaw deu “terrace cultivation” a pan zou ta uhi. Singtangmi thou Naga-te’n hichibang “terrace” louhawdan a nei thei uleh, bang dia ei Manipur mi te’n zong tua i “jhuming” louhawdan “terrace” a khel thei lou ding i hiai? Naga-te experience apat louhawdan tha “terrace” tawh kisai zil thei tampi i nei ding uhi. Zawnna galdouna a chitah a i pankhawm uleh, silsiamte tawh kilem kawm a neh suidan leh “income” nei dan ding lampi thatha i khuat khe thei ngei ding uhi.
Kam Kibe, Neh Ding Kiam; Khut Kibe, Sep Ding Lah Om Lou!
Ei singtangmi te’n i lungsim leh chiindante khel ut sih nanleh, hunte hing kikhel zel a, i kim-le-vel a bourual leh silsiamte nasan kikhel zel uhi. Tuamiziah tah a nidang i louhaw-singpuah dante zong a hun-le-mun zil a puatha (improve) ngai zel hi. Neh-le-tah suina lam ah ning kum a chiindan hoi mama pen tu kum a di’n hoi zou non lou mai thei hi. Tukum a sil hoi te kumkia a di’n a phattuamna neu mai thei hi. I tupna-le-nimna zawnna dou ding pen kibang den nanleh, tuami zawnna doudan ding lampi pen ahun-le-mun zil in kikhel thei tham hi. Tami pen Mangkam in “kikhelna leh kibatna danpi” (principle of continuity and change) ki chi thei zel hi. Sil bangkim a kikhel lai in, a kikhel tuan lou khen khat om gige hi. Pasian itna kikhel lou a, Jesu zong ziani, tuni leh kumtawn in kibang hi. Pasian itna kikhel sih nanleh, a hing puidan lampite kikhel zel hi. “Tami mun ah sawt na om seng ta ua, kihei un len, mailam nawt un …” (Deut. 1: 6) a hing chi hun a tam mama a, nanleh a aw i za nai? Pasian itna kikhel lou a, hinanleh mihing hinkhua pen pianni apat sini tan kikhel toutou hi. Vangam sim lou, khovel ah sil zousia kikhel gige a, a kikhel thei dia Pasian lemguat ahi zawh hi. Tualeh khovel a sil kikhel thei vawt loute pen hinna nei lou china ahi. Ahun-le-mun zil a sil kikhel theite bou omden zaw uhi. Kikhelna sung ma ah kibatna om thei zaw hi.
Kikhelna danpi i gen lai in, Ulster Museum (Belfast) a Dinasaur lian tah guguah kitung ka va mu pen ka phoh tha hi. Nidang hun khat lai in, hichibang ganhing lian pipi Dinasaur kichi te’n khovel pumpi na lua dim ua, hinanleh awlawl in khovel bouruak (climate) hing kiheng hi. Hichibang climate kihen hun a kikhel thei lou Dinasaur-te pen hing zou ta lou ua, tuni chiang in chigam siang ta uhi. Dinasaur-te tanchin apat i chiindan, nehsui dan leh ngaidan khen khat nasan a hun-le-mun zil a siamtha, puatha leh khel zelzel a poimaw dan i phoh tha thei hi. Hinanleh mihingte pen Dinasaur ganhing bang lou in, sia-le-pha khen theina lungsim tawh siam i hi uhi. I kim-le-vel bouruak a Pasian silsiam-te (nature) gen tham lou, mihing silsiam-te (culture) kikhel dan muthei leh theisiam ding in lungsim kihong leh khophohna kitaathiam i poimaw mama uhi. Hi chi bang lungsim kihong pen siamsinna “science” sung mai a muthei hi lou in, laphuah-thuphuah leh Sam-geltu lungsim ah zong kilang hi. Sam-geltu’n Pasian silsiamte a en chim la a, hapi, nisa, khohunte, humpi nelkai leh nasem di’a zingta mihingte bang a suut chimla a, “Mangpa, na nasepte thupi hi na e! Pilna tawh bangkim na siam a, na silsiamte’n khovel a lua dim phitphet uhi” (Sam 104: 24) ana chi hial hi. Tualeh Sawltah Paul in zong hichi bang “khophohna kitaathiam” a nei a, mihing silsiam leh kipunkhawmna (society) a sil hoi om taphot Pasian apat hing kipan ahi chi ngaidan a nei hi. Tuaziahin, sil hoi taphot, sil kilawm taphot leh genphat bang sil taphot ngaisun di’a hanthawn i hi (Phil. 4: 8). Sam-geltu’n Pasian silsiam (nature) limlang bang in ahing ensah a, Greek pilna teng sinkha ngai Paul in mihing silsiam (culture) hoi teng Pasian apat ahidan ahing hil hi. Sam-geltu’n siamzilna “science” sung ah Pasian silsiam dim phitphet in a mu a, Paul in mihing “society” sung ah sil kilawm leh genphat bang tampi a mu hi. Tuaziah in, zawnna galdouna ah zong hi chi bang lungsim kihong leh khophohna kitaathiam poimaw hi. Pasian in Zou Tapidaw-te a zawng ding mawng a ahing lemguat hi lou ahi. I kimvel ah Pasian silsiam (nature) leh mihing khutsua (cuture) i sui ding, kan ding, sin ding, thei ding, leh neh-le-tah suidan tanpha pilna tampi om hi. Adihtah in, ei Manipur mite pen “gam hausa sung a mizawng teeng” i hi zawh uhi. University leh college tuan kha sese lou a Pasian silsiam-te zilna “science/nature” leh mihing pilna zilna “society/culture” batphah ding tam mama hi. Hinanleh “lungsim kihong”[xiv] leh khophohna kitaathiam poimaw masa a, Sam-geltu’n hichi in a geen hi:
“Nisua-nitum nasan in thugen a nei a,
Zan khomial nasan in pilna thu a gen khia hi.
A aw-gin uh kizah louna hamkam leh kammal a om sih” (Sam 19: 2-3).
Ei singtangmi te’n i louhawdan mai hilou in, i inntendan bang zong zawnna galdouna di’n a phatuam nai chi ettha ngai ta hi. Nidang in nu-le-pate’n ta tampi na dei ua, ta tam nei pen gualzawlna dan in na kingaisun hi. Damtheina dan (hygine) a kithei nai lou ziah in, naupang li-le-nga piang lah ah, khat khel suata zou lou mawh uhi. Tualeh naupang suata sunsunte zong kial (etsahna di’n Mautam) a sina, leh mi pul a sina chite toh kigamla lou uhi. Tualeh naupang etkolna di’n school kaina leh tulai sum seenna-te om lou a, naupang khat nu-le-pa tha khel ahing chin naleh ki thaneh (labour) pai ngal hi. Hichibang dinmun ah, lou nasep ding tampi om a, nasep ding (labourers) a tawm gige hi. Ta tam neite pen nasemtu tam nei china ahia, bu-le-baal zong hau ding china ahi pai hi. Singgam-lougam zong kining ching nalai a, kum 10 -20 zou chiang in Zogam kidua (recover) zou zel a, leitang zong hoi mama nalai hi. Hinaleh ei Manipur singtangmi te lah ah, 1950 vel apat solkal damdawi zatui-zahate hing tung ta sam a, naungeh piang teng phial dam kim ua, naupang tam zaw nungah-tangval a suah zel uhi. Dam louna ziah a misi a tawm mama a, hinanleh naungeh piang pen a kiam seng sih hi. An nethei kam tampi a kibelap a, hinaneh i Zogam leitang in mikim neh ding bu-le-baal ahing pe zou non sih hi. Solkal nasan in mikim a ding genthada, laisiamte sepna ding kham (job) a pe zou non sih hi. Tu hun chiang in, nasem ding mi a tam a, hinanleh nasep ding bangma a om sih, chi ding dinmun i tung ta uhi. I gam a zawnna tampi leh “income” kiningchin louna tampi “family planning” i nelsia ziah uh ahi. “Bang dia ei mite hichi zawn ta lawm i hiai?” chi dawnna khat ahileh i thasiat ziah hi lou in, sep ding leh sep tah nasep i mu zou lou ziah ahi. Tami dinmun i tunna ziah ahileh i bouruak kikhel zel leh hun kikhel lam muthei lou a, nidang lai bang a ta tampi i nei na lai ziah ahi. Agam leitang in a vah zou lou leh a puah zou lou ding khop sang a mihing tamzaw a om hun chiang in, tuami mun-le-mualte ah aata mangkuan kitu bang in nam-le-nam kidouna-te bang om nuam sese hi, chi Kihauna-lam Suimite’n (Conflict Experts) a na musuah zou ta uhi. I bouruak a dih lou chiang in, neh-le-tah suina hamsa deudeu a, zawnna nasa semsem a, nam-le-nam kal kihoutheina tanpha a tawp ah hing subuai thei hi. Tualeh milip (population) zong a gam leitang leh khotang khandan tawh kituah lou a thakhat a apum hulhul leh kim-le-kiang bouruak nahpi in subuai thei hi. Japan Gaal (World War II) hun tan in ei Manipur singtangmi-te lah ah “family planning” kisam nai lou hi. Hinaleh tu kum zabi 21 hun ah, zawnna galdouna di’n “family planning” pen a poimawna lian mama hi. Tami hun kikhel leh khang kikhel a ngaidan tha pom thei lou mite maban ding musa ahi: ta-le-naute school gina a kaisah zou lou ding, naupangte a hing pichin chiang ua sepna hoi muna dia pilna-siamna kivaat ding, summuna (“income”) kiningching nei lou ding, zawnna saltang ding maban himai hi. Zawnna galdouna ah, chindan tha leh ngaidan tha tawh kikhel thei louna pen ei-le-ei suangkul sung a kikhumna chi khat ahing suah leuleu hi.
“Infrasturture” Khantouna Bang china Ahiai ?
Tualeh zawnna galdouna ah mimal a taimatna ziah maimai a septhei-bawltei a tawm mama hi. Zawnna bulpi pen society kilamdan dih lou ziah ahia, mimal khat-le-ni khelna ziah ahi gige sih hi. Amasa in, society pumpi huap a khantouna nasep kivaat ziah a mimal leh khotang a zawnna hing om ahi zaw hi. Khantouna nasep zungpi-te Mangkam in “infrastructure development” ki chi sese hi. Inn kuan khat in kum 10 kham ding bu-le-baal hou khe nanleh, tami pen “infrastructure” khantouna hi bai lou hi. Bazaar nupi khat in sum muna (income) a le-sawm a tam nei be in, TV leh car tha-te lei zou nanleh “infrastructure” khantouna hi tuan lou hi. Society pumpi huap a phattuamna di’n solkal ahilou leh organisation khat in lamlian (roads) sial in, lei (bridge) daw in, ahilouleh community hall khat tung ding taleh tami pen “infrastructure development” kichi thei pan giap hi. Aziah pen “infrastructure” khantouna khat poupou in mihing tampi a di’n neh-le-tah suina leh “income” muna piang sah sawnsawn thei hi. Tuaziah in, “Bang dia ei mite hichi zawn ta lawm i hiai?” chi a dawnna khat ahileh “infrastructure” khantouna om lou ziah ahi.
India mun dang tawh tekah in, Mal-Suah lam India ah i gam kumpi in “infrastructure” khantouna nasep a nelsia mama uhi. Tuni tan a electric meivah a i taan uh Loktak Hydro Project maimai “intrastructure” khantouna dia India solkal in Manipur a a-nasep gentham ching ahi pan hi. Ei Churachandpur bial ah bang ma “infrastructure” nasep gina solkal in a nei sih a, Khuga Dam lah tuni tan in zawh ahi nai sih hi. Phaipi-Lamka kikawmna lampi Tedim Road nasan India solkal in “infrastructure” khantouna di’a a sial ahi laizang sih a, Japan Gaal lai a, British solkal in sepaite gaal lampi dia kin-le-buang a a-na sial ahi zaw hi. Tuni tan in zong tami lampi Manipur State solkal in pua hamsa a-sanalai hi. I vang khopi Lamka pen Pasian in vantung apat ahing khiah suh ahi sih a, Tedim Road leh Tipaimukh Road-te kimutuana khua ahiziah a khopi hing suah thei ahi zaw hi. Tami Tedim leh Tipai lampi ka ni tegel om lou leh, Lamka om thei lou ding a, tami khopi sung a nehsuina-tahsuina teng zong om thei lou ding hi. Lampi sial leh lei daw chite pen thu maimai hilou a, “infrastructure” khantouna zungpi ahi uhi. Kum 50 peisa a tami Tedim Road a thauvui-thautang tawh na kidel Japan-te leh British-te zong hun in a nuai mang ta hi. Tuahun lai in, tami lamlian dung mama a Lamka mite unau-le-unau 1997-98 kum a Tual Gaal a kidel ding ahi uh chi koima’n a thei sih ding hi. Tuban kum 50 zou chiang in tu a Tedim Road lamlai a vah vial mi tampite leikha an maimai kisuah ta dia, hinanleh Tedim Road pen om nalai sam ding hi. Mihing in “Infrastructure” khantouna dia a-sial lamlian-te’n a society uleh a mimal nehsui-tahsuidan mama kheng (shape) kia hi. Mihing-te’n lamlian a sial ua, tuazou chiang in a lamlian sialsate un amau a lehsial kia hi. Lamlian leh lei (bridge) gina kidaw louna munte ah khantouna zong tung phaban lou dia, ngaidan thate luan theina ding “lei” zong sial hamsa pai ding hi. “Infrastructure” i lamsate’n i bouruak-te nasan society phattuamna di’n lemtha thei ua, tuachi’n mihing khutsuah mama “infrastructure” te leh bouruak tha te’n ngaidan leh hindan changkang zaw hing pesawn thei uhi. Ei khang a mite leikha an a suah hun chiang in zong, i khutsuah “infrastructure” te’n i tu-le-tate society tanpha kheng (shape) sawn thei nalai uhi.
Bang ding a singtangmi-te teenna Churachandpur a phualpi leh State solkal in “infrastructure” khantouna nasep a nelsia uh ahiai? Ei a mipite’n i nelsia ziah leh i thupi ngaisun lou ziah a solkal in phaze sa ahi kha ding hi. I gam leh i society pumpi khantou theina ding “infrastructure” khantouna sang in puansan pou kidei zaw a, volley ball, tarpaulin, leh mimal “saction” pou ki dei zaw moh hi phot ven! Na mimal vote ahilou leh na inn kuan vote sum Rs.100/- ahilouleh Rs. 200/- tou a na zuah leh, na minam zuah na hia, natu-natate mailam ding zuah na hia, “infrastructure” khantouna i society a dia zuah zong nahi malam hi. “Infrastructure” khantouna om louna mun ah mimal khat-le-ni hausa kha mai thei a, inn kuan khat-le-ni zong hausa maithei ding hi; hinanleh society pumpi ah khantouna tangpi tung thei ngaingai lou ding a, zawnna galdou ding kiam tuan lou ding hi. Nehgu-tahgu leh dihtat louna (corruption) ziah a zong mimal khat leh inn kuan khat hausat thei tham ahi. Hinanleh hi chi bang hausatnate ziah in society pumpi a “infrastructure” khantouna teng ki netum thei a, zawnna gal dou ding a kibelap maimai hi. “Infrasturcture” khantouna om thei na di’n mimal leh khotang a dihtatna kisam a, tuaban ah kipum khat a gamsung vai hawmte kung a i gam sung hamsatna leh zawnna galdouna dia “infrastructure” khantouna kingen thei pan ding hi. Tulai tah, ei singtangmi-te lungsim putdan tampi pen hi chi dan in ka thei hi. Etsahna di’n, Pasian in vantung apat i gam gentheina leh zawnna gaal douna di’n “infrastructure” khantouna ding sum a lompi’n hing khesu nanleh mi tampi in kipahna dan thei tuan lou dia, “Kei ma mimal pocket money ding lah hi lou a, kei tawh kisai kha sih?” chi tampi om din ka gingta hi. Bangkim mimal khan touna, ai tuam phattuamna leh inn sung khantouna ding “mit” maimai a i et gige ziah un, society chi ngaidan nasan i nei thei sih ua, Zoukam ah society khiatdan ding nasan kammal om lou mawh a, “khotang” pou chi ngai mai hi. Society chi khiatna i thei chiang in, “infrastructure” khantouna kuuldan zong i theithei pai ding uhi.
Mipi van leh “infrastructure” silte – electric gui gu a taubel a sun, signboard-te saili a kaap siat, lei (bridge) mei a haltum, community hall inn tung langva-te mimal innlamna di’a guhmang, contractor dihtat lou a nasepna – chite Zou sung a chiindan hoilou tampi in “infrastructure” khantouna nasatah in a dal hi. I gam a zawnna galdouna di’n hichinbang gamtat hoi lou-te mipi melma bang a ngaisut ding kisam hi. Tualeh mipi van khat poupou kineisah ngai a, eima mimal van bang a kepbit ngai hi. “Bang dia ei mite hichi zawn ta lawm i hiai?” chi dawnna kia ahileh i gam a “infrastructure” development gina solkal in a seplou lou ziah mai hilou in, “infrastructure” om sunsunte ei mama in i suhsiat lou leh i guhmang paipai ziah uh ahi. I khosung a Community Hall khat a kilam leh, contractor-te’n ahiding bang in a lam nai chi mi piching zou sia in kan a, thei ngai ahi. Tualeh nehguna om lou – ahilouleh nehguna a tawm thei pen a – tuami Hall a kilam zou chiang in, a kep ding leh zuun ding pen society pumpi mawpuahna ahi kia hi. Khosung apat bang ka netum thei diai, ahilouleh bang ka gu thei diai? chi ding hi lou in, “Society khantouna di’n piah thei bang ka nei diai?” chi lungsim khua ding ahi. Hichibang lungsim mi kim in nei thei sih nanleh, mi a tamzaw in a hing neithei hun chiang in, zawnna galdouna ah i mataal huaihuai ta ding uhi.
THUKHAHNA
Zawnna galdou pat theina di’n bang dia zawnna hing om masa ahiai? chi thei a ngai hi. Zawnna bang china ahiai? chi dotna pen suitham ching hinanleh, bangma i gen tam sih uhi. Bible thuhilna pansan leh i gam a Khristian missionary masate nasepdan sui tha in, tami thului (article) ah zawnna in Tapidaw-te “hagau-tahsa-khotang” pichinna leh khantouna bukim dal phabaan hi, chi i tahlang ta uhi. Mizawngte vangam tung lou ding, china ahi laizang sih a, hinanleh zawnna pen Jesu’n “hinna nempi na nei thei na ding un” (John 10:10) achi tawh kituah lou hi, chi nuam i hi zawh uhi. Sam gelhtu in “Dihtatna in nam a tawi sang” a chi ban ah, “Mi dihtat khut daw a vah ka mu ngai sih” zong achi hi. Thuhun Lui lam ah midihtat Job pen Pasian ze-etna ziah in tomkhat suh zawng in a om a, hinanleh Pasian in aleni in a gualzawl kia veve hi (Job 42: 10). Pasian deina ah Tumlam tapidaw gamte a hausat a, Suahlam gamte a zawn teitei ding chi ahi tuan sih ding hi. Pasian silsiamte a zat ding dan thei lou, i bouruak kikhel zel pen thei siam louna ziah, leh “khophohna kitaathiam” a Tapidaw-te “hagau-tahsa-khotang” khantouna kining ching zawh i nelsia ziah a i society pumpi zawnna saltang ahi maithei ding hi. Zawn dan, hau dan siam ding i gen lai un, zawnna galdou ding nelsia tuan sih vai, chi ut i hi. Paunahte sung a mipil Agur in, “Mangpa hing zawng sah sin, zong hing hausa sah seng sin” a chi pen Tapidaw-te thumdan dia ettontah ahi dan gen ut i hi. Sumsui-paisui dan tawh kisai in, Jesu’n “vah tate sang in khovel mite tambang lam sang ah a pil zawh uh” (Luke 16:8) a chi pen lim tah in ngaisun tha di’n i kichial uhi. Tualeh Tapidaw te’n i society khantouna din mopuahna poimaw i neidan gen ut i hi. Mi khenkhat in, theisiam louna leh Zoukam in a chit lou ziah in, society leh hattuam pen melma dan phial in a gen ua, hagau pichinna leh tahsa-khotang khantouna thute a malmal in a khen khiat sawm uhi. Hinanleh Khristian-te “hagau-tahsa-khotang” pichinna pen kiselbuh tah leh kituah tah a zawh khawm sah ding ahi dan tuban vom tinten ta vai. Tuaziah in, thudih ha ni a leeng in, thudih maitang ni tegelh muthei di’n, i Khristian “khophohna kitaathiam” gige ahi nai chi kivel tha zel vai.
Notes and References:
[i] National Library of Wales (Aberystwyth) – Calvinistic Methodist Archives, Schedule 27, 314: Peter Fraser, Letters 1908-1932, File I.
[ii] NLW – CMA 27,318, File V: The “Bawi” System in Lushai – Dr. Fraser’s Case.
[iii] Ibid.
[iv] John Bunyan in “Khristian” pen hun tam zaw tangtat sah in, a mimal hinkhua maimai kilang sah nanleh, society pulam ah pen koi thei sam lou hi. Lungkiatna Dawi (Giant Despair) in suang-kul sung a a khum lai na san in zong, Khristian pen society pulam ah om tuan lou a, Gin-om (Faithful) in om pi gige hi. A bubit louna leh kilanglep (unbalanced) na khen khat om nanleh, Bunyan laibu, Khristian Khualzin pen Tapidaw tengteng in sim di’a kideisah huai mama hi.
[v] Kuyper. Abraham, ‘Calvinism and the Future’ in The Stone Lectures (Published in 1898) p. 188.
[vi] Kuyper, ‘Calvisnism and Religion’ in The Stone Lectures, p. 73.
[vii] Kuyper, ibid., p.51.
[viii] Simbe in, “Tangmi Pha leh Zawnna Sal Pawtna”, Gospel Tangkou Jan-April 2004 issue, p. 7.
[ix] Rivenburg, Narola (ed.) The Star of the Naga Hills: Letters from Rev. Sydney and hattie Rivenburg (The American Baptist Publication Society, Philadelphia, 1941), pp. 124-125.
[x] The Assam Mission of the American Baptist Missionary Union: Papers and Discussions of the Jubilee Conference held at Nowgong, December 18-20, 1886; p. 121.
[xi] “Letter of Rev. Bronson to Jenkins, dated namsang, Naga Hills, 14 March 1840” in H.K. Barpujari, The American Missionaries and Northeast India (1836-1900 AD): A Documentary Study (Spectrum Publications: Guwahat, 1986), p. 254.
[xii] Rymbai, R. Tokin Roy, “Evolution of Modern Khasi Society” in J.N. Chowdhury, The Khasi Canvas (Chapala Book Stall, Shillong, 1998), p. 420.
[xiii] Dr S. Vettivel, “Manipur’s Development: Who’s Responsible and Where To Start?” [On-line] http://www.manipuronline.com. Accessed 26 September 2004. “Sangai Express” ah zong Dr S. Vettivel in tami thului (article) gelh kha hi. Tualeh “Vanilla” singkung bazaam tawh kisai thuchian sem na utte a di’n, tami website simbe thei ahi, http://www.theepicentre.com/Spices/vanilla; tualeh http://www.theaos.org/publications/bulletin/issues/current/growtips
[xiv] “Lungsim kihong” poimawna ziah ahileh lungsim kikhah sung ah pilna lampi kisial thei lou a, ojate gen lou Pasian in zong sial thei lou hi. Sam-geltu in, “Na kam lianpi in kah in la, ka sudim ding hi” (Sam 81: 10) ana chi hi. Tami pen Thugentu khen khat in Hagau a dimna hilchetna di’n a mang thei zel ua, hinanleh pilna Hagau suina di’n zong hilchetna hoi tah ahi. Theina a dim dan a kingaisutna pen lungsim kot khahna khat ahi pai hi. A omdan pen, “Na lungsim lianpi in hong in la, pilna in ka sudim ding” chi ahi. Lungsim kihong neite a din, i kim-le-pam a Pasian silsiam (nature) leh mihing silsiam (culture)-te apat zil ding ni teng in om hi. I gei a theinou kung khat, ahilouleh huan sung a haichi kung khat ah zong sui tham ching pilna tampi gathei-pathei hi. Mihing silsiam (society) sung a tehse khat, ahilouleh naupang khat maimai kihoulim pina apat zong pilna tampi sin ding om thei hi. Khophohna kitaat hiamte a di’n khovel pumpi Pasian silsiam leh mihing khutsua “science/society” leh “nature/culture” in dim phitphet hi. Laibu sung ah mipil te’n Pasian silsiamte leh mihing silsiamte a mudan-theidan uh kigelh a, tuaziahin laibu hoite sim pen meet mama hi. Laibu zousia hoi kim ka china ahi tuan sih. Laibu hoite pen panpitu leh khutlai (tools) manpha ahi uhi. Hinanleh van-le-lei a Pasian silsiam leh mihing khutsua teng laibu thau penpen in zong dol zou lou ding hi. Laibu teng Mosi “Thu 10 Piahte” bang a zui teitei ding Danbu bang a sim ding ahi sih a, lungsim kihong tah a sim zawh ding ahi. “Tami laibu sung ah Pasian leh mihing silsiam-te ka thei lou leh ngaisut phah ngai lou bang a om ei? Tami laibu in nature/culture thudihte kiselbuh tah in a tahlang ei? Ahilou leh a sil etdan-mudan a kilang leep (unbalanced) na a om ei? ” chi dotna toh, lungsim kitaat hiam tah a lamnaih ding ahi. Labu pen biah (worship) ding ahi sih a, zat (use) ding ahi zawh hi. I zat mun pou leh, a phattuamna kithei deudeu hi.
Queen’s University Belfast, UK
Thu Laimu (Abstract): Bible thuhilna leh i gam a Khristian missionary-te’n zawnna galdou dan ding bang lampi kohmu a hing thei a nei uai? Hagau lam pichinna, tahsa lam leh khotang khantouna chi sil thumte khen neen thei ahi diai? Zawnna bang ziah a hing piang ahia? Thasiat ziah maw, nesui-tahsui dan khel thei lou ziah? “Society” bang china ahia? Society pumpi khantouna tellou, mimal leh innsung khat-le-ni khantouna bang di’a huntawh lou ahiai? Tami dotnate leh a kisaipi dotna dangte tami thului (article) in dawn a sawm hi.
Thu Chabite (Key-words): Nasep a lekhiatna, hagau-tahsa-khotang, kiselbuh, khophohna kitaathiam, society, leh infrastructure.
THUPATNA
Gospel Tangkou (Jan – April 2004 issue) ah “Tangmi Pha leh Zawnna Galdouna” chi ka hing gel ngai a, Tapidaw kisinsahna bukim leh kiselbuh zawh nelsia lou di’n hanthawnna khenkhat i gen zou ta hi. Sawltah Paul in “Pasian thu bubit” (Acts 20:27) ka hing pe sawnta hi, a na chi bang in, mihing hagau lam leh tahsa lam a di’a Gospel in “khiatna” nei tuahtuah ahi dan zong i gen kha ta hi. Khris Jesus in Galilee a nasep (ministry) apat tung apat, Jerusalem a nasep teng a zaw tan in a ministry pen huap lian in en gige hi. Galilee a Jesu’n nasep a pat chiil in, a tup-le-nimna (manifesto) puankhiatna masa pen khat a bawl hi:
“Mangpa Hagau ka tung ah a om hi, aziahpen mizawng-te kung a Tangmi Pha gen din sathau a hing nu hi. Saltaangte suahtatna ding, mittawte mitvahna ding, suhgenthei a omte zalensah ding, leh Mangpa lungdam kum thu puang ding a ahing sawl ka hi” (Luke 4:18).
Evangelical Tapidaw sung a Bible commentator tampi-te’n tami Jesu thugen pen ahibang lian (literal interpretation) in pom hamsa sa ua, tuaziahin khiatna thuap-nei (allegorical interpretation) dan maimai in khiatna a pia uhi. Tuaziahin, Jesu’n mizawng-te a chi pen mizawng-te genna hilou in, hagau mizawng-te a suah ta uhi. Saltaang-te leh mittaw-te zong hagau lam thu ngen genna ahing suah zel hi. Hinanleh, a tahtahin Jesu’n mizawng leh mittaw a chi leh hagau lam mai hilou in tahsa lam a mizawng leh mittaw-te zong a genna ahi pai mai hi. Bangkim hagau lam pilna dan ngen a khiat sang in, khat veivei Pasian hing piahsa lungsim toh mawl tah a khiatna pen dei huai zaw hun om hi. Tami Jesu thugen in “khotang a di’n thutuun” (social content) nei ahi chi, Galilee leh Judea a anasepna apat kimuthei hi. Bangkim hagau keleu dan a khiatna leh etna pen khovel leh khotang a Tapidaw-te mopuahna omte apat kilepmangna (escapism) lampi khat maimai ahia, hagau-mi hina zong ahi tuan sih hi.
KHRIS ITNA THUGEN LEH NASEP A “LEKHIATNA”
Jacob laigelh in sakhona dihtah leh hagau mitna hichidan in a hilchian a, “Pasian a dia sakhona dihtah leh siangthou ahileh tami ahi: tagate leh meithaite panpi ding leh khovel apat kikep siang thou ding” (Jakob 1: 27). Jakob in khovel apat kikangkoi ding a chi sih a, khovel apat taimang-pitmang ding zong a chi tuan sih hi. “Khovel apat kikep siangthou ding” chi ahi zawh hi. I zahsa hinanleh, Mother Teresa thugen khat vei i gen sawn kia dia, “Thumna nei a khut kikilte sang in, nahoi sepna a khut niahte a siangthou zaw hi”. Mother Teresa in misiangthou suahna di’n Catholic sister-te biahinn siangthou sung ah a sui sih a, Calcutta a tagate leh mizawngte teenna “slum” mun namsia leh niah kai lah ah a sui zaw hi. Jacob in “khovel apat kikep siangthou ding” achi khiatna kichian pen tami himai lou ding ama? Hagau a sianthou utna ziah a khovel apat pitmang sawm a, i unau mihing pite nasan kidahna lungsim pai ding pen sil mothuai hinanleh, sil piang thei tah khat zong ahi mawh hi.
Silo Hausa leh “Bawi” Sila-te
Tualeh Welsh missionary Dr. Peter Fraser in Mizogam a Sila khoi (“bawi” kichite) zalenna ding na sual a, Silo Lalte leh British solkal doudalnate a na thuah ngam dante zong i theisa ahi. Edinburgh University minthang tah apat na graduate khia, missionary Dr. Fraser in Mizogam a Pasian hatna a tan pen hichin a gen hi: “To translate the love of Christ into words and deeds that the poor heathen can understand …”[i] (Ginglou-te theisiam thei di’a Khris itna thugen leh nasep a lekhiat ding). “Lekhiat ding” chi kammal in khiatna thuhtah nei hi. Welsh missionary dang te’n lai nei lou Lushei-te a di’n Pasian thugen Bible ana letkhia ua, Dr. Fraser in Pasian nasep Mizo society a di’n sila suhbeina tungtawng in a na “letkhia” hi. August 2004 a Wales ka va zin lai in, 12 July 1909 ni a kisun laithot Dr. Fraser in Lunglei apat agelh khat ka va mu kha a, hichin kigelh hi:
“Lamet lou pi in tukum sung in tha-le-zung tampi silate complaint ngaikhiatna leh a gentheina uh panpina in ka hun tamipi ka subei hi. Na theisa ma bang un tulai tah in, hun hamsa in ahing tunkhum hi. Tami thu poimo tah [sila khoi tungtang] a Mangpa deilam bawl ahi theina ding ka lunggul mama hi. Unaute aw, tami silate a ding leh Lushei hausate a ding tham lou in, koute a di’n zong hing thumsah ta un” [ii].
Dr. Fraser kamteng lian ahileh, “We are desirous of doing the Master’s will in this important matter”, chi ahi. “Mangpa deilam” (“the Master’s will”) bawl pen sil bailam lou ahi ngei di’a, Fraser zong a lungkhiat hun a om tham ding hi chi a kamteng apat kiman thei hi, “… tulai tah in, hun hamsa in ahing tun khum hi”. Vangphat huai tah in, Peter Fraser zi Mary Cathrine Fraser in a pasal a somdawl (thuap) thei hi. 28 June 1911 ni’n Mary Catherine in Shillong apat laithot khat a gelh a, UK a ding hilou in, Aizawl a hattuam-te a thot zawh hileh a kilawm hi. Tami Mary laithot in tua hun laitah 1911 kum a Fraser-te nupa lungsim ngaisunna dingdan suangtuana khat ahing pe thei hi:
“Hitui-naptui toh thumna a hun tampi ka zat zou nua in, … ka pasal pang thuap di’a ka din ngam ding ahi chi ka thei semsem hi … Na theisa ma bang un, tami nasep pen ka pasal in phutlui bang in a ngaisun a, tunglam mitvahna (heavenly vision) a nual sih hi. Tami [sila suahtatna] nasep pen sil siangthou tah semdia hatna ahi chi ka thei a, bangma gen belap thei ka nei tuan sih a, eite a hing it leh thuah sah pa Jesu khut sung ah ka aap zaw hi. I Mangpa ngei zong guta-tualthat (criminal) te tawh simkhawm in ana om hi”[iii].
Mizo laphuah-tu chidan hileh, Pasian in “Sangga-gentheite ka leh mauna na ngaikhe leng/ Thudih dei mite nasep na musit ngai sih … Namchin mial apat sal apawt kipah hen”. Fr. Fraser in thudih a deina ziah in, gentheina tampi a pal a ngai a, a mission field Aizawl apat British solkal in a hawlkhia hi. Hinanleh Dr. Fraser nasep pen losam tuan lou a, 1915 kum in Lushei leh Pawi-te lah a sila-te’n British dan nuai ah zalenna ahing mu law ta uhi. Dr. Fraser in Wales gam a missionary application form a fill-up lai a, “Khris itna thugen leh nasep a lekhiat ding” a chi in, Jesu’n Galilee gam a a-ministry apat tung lai a a thugen-te lungsim ah ahing lang sah hi: “Mangpa Hagau ka tung ah a om hi, aziahpen mizawng-te kung a Tangmi Pha gen din sathau a hing nu hi. Saltaangte suahtatna ding … suhgenthei a omte zalensah ding …” Hichibang zalenna nasep pen sil bailam hilou a, aman piah ngai a, gentheina zong thuah ding tampi om hi. Tuamiziah in, Mary Fraser in, Shillong apat Aizawl hattuamte lai athotna ah, “I Mangpa ngei zong guta-tualthat (criminal) te tawh simkhawm in ana om hi” chi ahing theikhe tha hi. Luhlulna ziah a zong gentheina thuah thei tham ahi. Tuaziahin “genthei tuhahna” mai khu sil thupi ahi tuan sih a, “genthei thuahna ziah-le-san” khu sil poimaw pen ahi zaw hi. Tatkhialna ziah a gentheina pen gawtna ahia; hinanleh thudi panpi ziah a genthei thuahna pen mei a kihal suangmantam bang ahia, mihing lungsim a khangkhang in a taanvah thei hi. Tapidaw Galhang – Dr. Fraser leh Mother Teresa te’n – Jesu thugen leh nasepte theidan-mudan gil mama nei uhi. Sawltah Paul in “Pasian thu bubit” achi leh Jakob in “Pasian a dia sakhona dihtah leh siangthou” a chi tawh kinai mama “tunglam mitvahna” (heavenly vision) khat a nei uhi.
Hinna Nempi: “Hagau-Tahsa-Khotang” Selbuh Theina
Mihing hagau, tahsa leh khotang (soul-body-society) a di’a damna bukim thei pen di’a nasep utna Jesu ministry ah tamveipi kilang hi. Jesu pen hagau gilkial-te a di’a annpheng mai hilou in, mipi-te tahsa gilgialna zong nelsia tuan sam lou a, nga-le-annpheng bang na supung hial hi. “Mi gilkial leh puansil ding nei lou khat kung ah, ‘Taitah leh vah tahin pei tan’ chi’n a silding puan leh nehding ann pe tuan sih lei bang a phatuam diai?” (Jakob 2: 16). Mihing-te hagau keleu dan a etna leh, tahsa nei leh khotang a teng ahilam uh manghilna pen “Pasian thu bubit” chi ngam huai lou hi. Khantanhoi Mathai 5:13-14 ah, Tapidaw gingtu-te pen Jusu’n “khovel vah nahi uh”, “lei chi” (salt of the earth) na chi a, gingtu-te pen khotang (khovel) leh leitung (vantung hinai lou) a om ahi uh chi thei chian mama hi. Ei Protestant Tapidaw sung ah mimal sianthouna leh mimal ginna ki-uang gen seeng na lam ah, Tapidaw-te omna khotang suhvah ding leh chii bang a aal ding kinelsia mama hi. Kei ka sianthou nah leh hun, keima mimal hagau hutdam ahi nah leh hun, kou inn sung a bit nahleh hun, chidan a mimal angmasialna Protestant Tapidaw-te sung ah tam mama hi. Tuami ziahin khotang sianthouna tel lou mimal sianthouna na kidel sawm a, ahivang in Tapidaw-te teenna khotang niah-le-bua (corrupt) ahi chiang in gingtu mimal a tuam sianthou velvol chi ding zong a tawm mama a, zong a omthei mel sih hi. Mipil khat in hichi’n a gen a, “Migilou khenkhat ziah a society sia hilou in, mihoi tampite ziah a kisia ahi zawh hi”. A omdan pen ahileh, mi gilou khat-le-ni om ziah maimai a siatna hing tung hilou in, mihoi tampite’n thudih dinpi di’a a kam uh a kah ngam lou a, khut uh a lamtou ngam lou, ziah ua migiloute tupna tangtun sah a om ahi, chi nuam dan ihi.
Tanglai zawlnei-te bang a khotang niahna-buahna dou ngam mimal-te bou in mimal sianthouna a nei pan beb ding hi. Jesu’n zong a leitung nasepna ah zawlnei-te khotang veina hagau (spirit of social concern) tahlang mama hi. Tapidaw-te teenna society pen etton tah khotang (model society) khat ahi ding Pasian deina ahi. Gendan tuam in gen lei, Tapidaw-te society pen “khovel vah” leh “lei chii” ahi ding Jesu thuhilna ahi. Khovel ah bang ma a bukim om lou a, zong om thei lou ding a, hinanleh Van a Pasian deina bukim bawl ahibang a, lei a zong Ama deilam a bukim thei tan a bawl sawm di’a thupiah i hi. Mang Biahna i gen teng a tami pho tha di’a lamet i hi malam uhi. Tuami ding in, ahithei tan a “Pasian thu bubit” leh etton tah Tapidaw society tup ding ahing poimaw leuleu hi. Tapidaw-te hagau pichinna, tahsa pichinna leh khotang sianthouna chi sil thum tei beh tel lou muna (vision) pen “Pasian thu bubit” a ching zou sih ding hi.
Ei Zou Tapidaw sung ah mimal hagau hutdamna maimai ki-uang bawl a, tahsa hutdamna bang kinelsia zel a, khotang hutdamna leh sianthouna pen Vangam lam tun chiang a buaipi pan din kingai sun hi. Hinanleh Jesu nasep dan leh Thuhun Lui zawlnei-te hagau i sui leh, tami sianthouna chi thum teng zawh khawm a, ki-khen thei lou hi. Tami sil thum lah a khat penpen i nelsia leh “hagau-tahsa-khotang” khantouna dihtah leh kiselbuh om thei tuan lou hi. Sawltah Paul in Timothi kung a “thudih kiselbuh tah a hawm ding” (II Tim. 2: 15) – Mangkam in “rightly dividing the word of truth” – a chi pen sil hamsa hinanleh, Khristian pichinna dia sil poimaw mama ahi. A.W. Tozer in hi chi’n a gen a, “Tung leng vate ha khat maimai in leng thei lou a, tuachin Thudih in zong ha ni kisam hi” a chi hi. Laphuah-tu in “Khristian peidan siam in …” achi khu Khristian hinkhua genna mai hilou in, kithuhilna leh sil etdan himhim a kiselbuhna theisiamna di’n kisam hi. Hichibang kiselbuhna ahileh hagau nawitui maimai a kivahte’n nei thei zepzep lou a, Tapidaw piching angum a kivahte leh sia-le-pha khen siam te bou in nei thei zaw uhi (Heb. 5: 13). Hebrai laigelhtu in mi piching khat pen a “khophohna zatmun leh taathiam a om in, sia-le-pha a khen thei hi” (Heb. 5:14) achi hi. Sapkam in hichi’n a gen a, “Those who by reason of use have their sense exercised to discern both good and evil”. Thudih selbuh theina lam a pichinna pen zankhat-sunkhat thu a tun thei hilou ahi chi Hebrai gelhtu in a thei a, tuaziahin “khophohna zatmun leh taathiam” ziah ahi (“by reason of use … sense exercise”) chi a gen vateh hi.
Khristian Khophohna Kitaathiam
Khut langkhat a Bible himlang bang a tawi a, khut lang khat a “newspaper” tawh selbuh tuah theina pen Khristian piching te a dia “khophona taathiamna” chi khat ahi malam hi. Tulai khang a Tapidaw-te mimal leh khotang hamsatnate i et chiang a, i mit lang ni a ha kilkel a, mihingte “hagau-tahsa-khotang” (soul-body-society) a om ahi chi mutheina leh phohna bang pichinna leh “khophohna taathiamna” lampi khat ahi leuleu hi. Ahithei tantan a, “Pasian thu bubit” suithuh tinten na, leh thu langbai maimai a lungkim louna zong “khophohna taathiamna” chi khat ahi kia hi. Sum Rs. 100/- note pen a lang khat maimai kisun mawh leh bukim lou ding a, tuama bang in thudih in zong maitang ni, leh lang ni nei a, tuami maitang ni tegel i musua matan a lungkim lou ding ahi. Mi tampi pen thudih chanve tawh lungkim paipai a, sum note lang khat maimai kisun bang in thudih langkhat maimai sumkuang chiang kei in a kei uhi. Tami pen Tapidaw pichinna hi lou a, “khophohna taathiamna” lampi zong ahi sih hi.
Zou sung a pawl kikhenna ziah poimaw khat ahileh thudih ha lang ni, leh thudih maitang lang ni i musua zou lou ziah hidi’n ka gingta hi. “Ei theina leh peidan maimai dih, amau peidan Pasian deidan hi sih” chi ngadan Khristian khat in a nei chiang in, “khophohna taathiamna” leh pichinna lampi apat pial mang ahi ta a, “Khristian peidan siam in” chi phoh tha hun ahi. Aziah pen “Pasian thu bubit” pen mimal khat leh pawl khat maimai in innkawm-bemkawm a kep thei ahi sih a, kiniam khiat leh “khophohna taathiam” a i sui gige ding Lampi ahi zaw hi. Tami pichinna pen tunna-le-khawlna ding mun phah tawp ahi sih a, peina leh kitaat hiamna ding Lampi genna ahi zaw hi. “Pasian thu bubit” pen singkuang sung a khum den thei leh mimal a tan den thei sil ahi sih a, hinanleh Tapidaw piching leh “khophohna taathiam” a om te’n kiniam khiat tah a tuami Lampi a sui chiang un a gaalmu thei zelzel ua, Thudih ha ni leh maitang ni tegel zong a lunsim mit uah kilang thei zelzel hi. Hichi bang thudih maitang ni muthei leh mitvahna nei Tapidaw piching khat a di’n i kibuaina leh kikhenna tampite uh sil mot huai bang in kilang a, Tapidaw-te a di’n mualphouna ahi chi zong a mu thei hi. Tami pen mihing etdan kiningching zaw, Khristiante pen tahsa-hagau-khotang a om ahi chi muna-theina a nei ziah ahi. Mi khen khat in mihing pen hagau (soul) maimai in en ua, hagau mangthang mat ding chua a ngai kho uhi. Mi khen khat kia in pen mihingte tahsa (body) nei maimai in a mu ua, tahsa a ding sum-le-paite chi lou bangma a ngaikhoh sih uhi. Mi khen khat leuleu in mihing pen khotang (society) a om ahi chi thei na pi’n mimal zaleenna zong poimaw ahi lam a neisia zel uhi. Muna bukim zaw leh piching zaw i nei theina di’n tami sil thum – hagau, tahsa, khotang – a bawn a mu suah gige kisam a, khenkhiat ding ahi vawt sih uhi. Tapidaw ginum Dr. Peter Fraser leh Mother Teressa-te bang in Jesu nasepna kiningching ahidan na muchian ua, zong na enton tham uhi. Tuaziah in, Dr. Peter Fraser in “Khris itna nasep a lekhiat ding” ana tum a, Silo hausate khut apat Bawi Sila-te a di’n suahtatna na tun hi. Dr. Fraser in a “Mangpa deina” (Master’s will) muna-le-theina piching tah nei a, tuaziahin a Pasian nasepna ziah in, Mizo Tapidaw-te’n “Mangpa loupi pen pah bang ka hing tawi uh …” achi thei uhi. Ana i sepsah i Pu deina kiningching tah a mu ding poimaw mama hi. Tua ahi lou leh pen i nemngainate zong phatuam lou di’a, i Mangpa leh a hattuamte a di’a mualphotna, zumna-daina leh kikhenna meikuang tan pha kitun thei beb hi.
HATTUAM SANG A “SOCIETY” NGAINA ZAW?
“Society” chi kammal pen Zoukam in lekhiat ahamsa mama hi. Khatvei teng society pen “khotang hinkhua” chin kilet suh gawp a, hinanleh a dih thei sih a, mi khenkhat in “society” omdan a pum theikhial law uhi. Society in khotang hinkhua ban ah, tawndan, hindan, neh-le-tah suidan, politiks a kivaikhawm dan, leh Pasian biahdante a koh kha hi. Mikhen khat in “society” kammal leh “organization” a kibang dan in a ngaisun ua, tami in lung buaina a tun thei hi. “Society” chi kammal tami thului (article) a i zatdan ahileh Building Society genna maimai ahi sih a, Women Society leh Marup Sen Society genna zong ahi tuan sih hi. Zilna lam a Sociology siamte’n “society” a chi pen gen nuam i hi zaw a, tami khiatna lian pen Zoukam in gen hamsa sim hi.
Atom a gen in, society pen mihing khat sang a tamzaw omna mun genna ahia, tuahziahin hattuam pawlpite zong society pulam a om ahi tuan sih uhi. Mimal khat tuikul-gam ah a ngentang in om leh society pulam a om chithei pan ahia, hinanleh lawm khat maimai a nei le zong society in a huampha veve hi. Pasian in mihingte society a teng dia asiam ahia, tuaziahin gamsa i hilou buang leh society sung a om ihi. Tapidaw-te pen ngal khaat (wild boar) leh zu tal (male mouse) tol ten bang a hing di’a lamet ahi sih ua, mesi nam (society of ants) leh khuai innkuan (family of bees) te bang a teeng dia siam tha ahi zaw uhi. Bible sung ah Paunahte’n mesi-te hinkhua sui ding in ahing hanthon kha tham hi, “Leitung ah sil neu mama, ahivang a apil-apil sil li a om hi. Mi thahat hisih nanleh uh, mesite’n doupi lai in a ne ding uh bu-le-baal a khol khawm uhi…” (Prov.30:24-25). Mun dang khat ma ah, Paunahte’n mesi-te apat taimatna zil di’n ahing kawhmu kia hi (Prov. 6:6). Zou sung gen lou Protestant Tapidaw-te sung ah, mi tampi in Khristian hinkhua pen mesi-te society sang in “zu tal tolten” bang dan in ngaisun nuam mama uhi.
Puritan laigel minthang John Bunyan bang in zong Khristian Khualzin (Pilgrim’s Progress)[iv] kum zabi 17 hun lai a ana gelh in Khristian hinkhua pen ngal khaat (wild boar) leh zu tolten bang pian in na gelh zaw hi. Khristian Khualzin (1678 a kisun) pen Tapidaw laibu minthang leh thupi tah ahivang in, Bible a gingtu-te lim (Biblical image) saang in Puritan kuulmut-te lim toh kinai zaw hi. Gen dan tuam in gen lei, Tapidaw-te pen hagau nei, tahsa nei, khotang a teeng (soul-body-society) dan sang in John Bunyan “Khristian” mudan pen society pulam a, tahsa nei non lou, hagau keleu a hing dan in a kilang sah zawh hi. Tami pen “Pasian thu bubit” ching zou non lou zel hi. Hinanleh Bible in Tapidaw-te pen gamsa bang a tangtat ding leh khualzin di’n ahing lamen sih a, “mi khen khat bang in khat leh khat kipawl khawm ding na manghil sih un” (Heb. 10: 25) chi’a thuhil i hi zaw uhi. Jesu mama in zong, “Ka min a mi ni-le-thum na kikhop uleh na lah ua ka om ding hi” (Mat. 18:20) a na chi hi. “Ka min a mi khat maimai na kikhop uleh zong …” a chi sih a, “mi khat-le-ni” zong chi hi lou na lai hi. “Ka min a mi ni-le-thum …” chi ahi sese hi. I Mangpa’n khat sang a tam zaw kikhopna gen nuam ahi chi mu thei ahi. Mikhat maimai pen “society” leh kikhopna, kichi thei lou hi. “Quite time” zat leh gingtu mimal thumna pen a poimaw a, hinanleh tami lampang uang bawlna lam ah Tapidaw-te pen “hagau-tahsa-khotang” (soul-body-society) chi sil thum teitei selbuh dia lamet ahilam manghil bailam mama hi. Tuaziah in, “Quite time” (mimal thumna) leh mimal Bible sim ding i gen lai un zong, Tapidaw-te’n pen a khut lang khat a Bible tawi a, a lang khat a “newspaper” tawi ding pen Khristian pichinna dia sil kisam ahi zawh hi.
Mikhen khat in “Hattuam pawlpi sang a society ngaina zaw” chi kammal a zang ngai ua, society leh hattuam pen melma bang in a gen kha uhi. Society pen tampi vei laibu (text) toh tekhin in omzel a, huchi hitaleh Thuhun Tha bute sang a Thuhun Lui bute ngaina zaw, chi bang a om thei diai? Society pen Bible pumpi hitaleh, Thuhun Tha hattuamte pen New Testament(NT) laibu teng bang ahi. NT leh OT teng khat ahima bang in hattuam leh society zong khat ahi veve uhi. I society pen Tapidaw society asuahna dia pan i lah lou leh Khristian hattuam a beh a kisusiang thei tuan lou hi. Khrist ngei zong a chiil a Thu (logos) hinanleh tahsa leh sisan nei in Jew-mi hing suah a Jew-te society sung ah mihing bang in a om hi. Van a hing kipan hinanleh mihing society khu a nasepna “mission field” ahi. Tuaziah in, society pen “khotang hinkhua” china mai hizaw lou in, mihingte hinkhua leh khoheidan pumpi genna ahizaw hi. Tualeh society pen mi ni-le-thum kipun khawm genna maimai zong hi lou a, tuami kipun khawmna sil tha dan a muna-le-etna ahi zaw hi. Etsana di’n, tui (water) pen Hydrogen atom 2 leh Oxygen atom 1 kigawm ahia; hinanleh tui pen hydrogen chi thei ahi non sih a, oxygen zong ahi diah sih a, kigawmna sil tha “tui” kichi khu ahi mai hi. Hydrogen atom kidawn thei lou a, oxygen zong kidawm thei lou hi; hinanleh “tui” kidawn thei hi. Tuaziah in mi ni-le-thum om khawm pen society hinai lou a, tami kipunkhawmna apat sil tha hing piang pen society kichi zaw hi. Pahpe (flower) pen et lawm mama a, tua etlawmna thei ut in a nengneng in malzan in khenkhe lechin pahpe kilawmna mu ding om non lou zel hi. Tualeh pahpe a neng neng a kikhente pen pahpe kilawm gen thada, pahpe zong kichi thei non lou ding hi. Society om ziah zong hichi dan ahia, mimal ni-le-thum, pawl ni-le-thum kipun khawmna apat sil tha leh thupi zaw hing piang khia pen society chi thei pan ahi.
Kum zabi 19 lai a Dutch Calvinist theologian siam pen khat Abraham Kuyper (1837 – 1920) in Khristian-te leh i khotang/ bouruak kikal hilchetna navah pen khat ana gen kha ngai hi:
“God created hand, head, and heart; the hand for the deed, the head for the world, the heart for mysticism. King in deed, prophet in profession, and priest in heart, shall man in this threefold office stand before God …”[v].
Zoukam a lekhiatna,
“Pasian in khut, lutang, leh lungsim ana siam hi; nasepna din khut, khovel khosahna din lutang, leh hagau lam lunggelna din lungsim a siam hi. Nasep a kumpi bang in, khovel a zawlnei bang in, leh lunggelna a siampu bang in mihingte tami mopuahna chi thum toh Pasian masang ah a ding ding uhi”.
Abraham Kuyper in a gen zom zel na ah, Tapidaw-te pen “hattuam sung a kikhum chimit a, khovel pen a suahsuah ta hen chi thei gual hi lou hi. Tunglam apat hatna sang pen in khovel khantouna kalkhat sang zaw a dom tou a, Pasian deidan tawh kinaisah sem ding leh, khovel a thanghuaina-buahna tampite (much painful corruption) kawm kal lah a, sil hoi tap hot, sil kilawm ta phot, leh genphat bang sil taphot zuun ding a thupiah ahi” [vi] a chi hi. Kuyper in uar-bi nei Tapidaw-te leh ama khang a Tapidaw kulmuut (fundamentalist)-te genphatna ding a thei tuan sih a, hinanleh aw-dam tah in taihilna a bawl hi:
“Ei khang a Tapidaw kuulmut-te’n sakhona pen mimal kibutna suangkul in a nei mawh uhi. Tuaziahin, hun khat lai a, mihingte hinna zungpi pen na hi ngai sakhona khu tuni chaing in innsung tawng leh mu phalou gam ah selmang in a om ta hi” [vii].
MISSIONARY-TE MABANG PATSA
Khristian-te pen “hagau-tahsa-khotang” (soul-body-society) a om ahiziah un, tami sil thum teng kituah tah a a khantou ngai ahi chi i gen zou ta uhi. Ei Zoukam ah tahsa-le-hagau chi i genthei zel a, hinanleh tami gel in society genkha nai lou ahi. Welsh Presbyterian mission leh American Baptist mission-te’n Tapidaw sintangmi-te hagau-tahsa-khotang khantouna na ngai poimaw mama uhi. Mizogam a Welsh missionary Zosaphluia in khotang damtheina (public hygine) tawh kisai a “Thupiah Guh” zen a piahte zong khat vei i gen kha ta ua, i gen kia non sih ding uhi[viii]. Tun Nagaland a American missionary-te nasep dan tam lou i en zual ding uhi. Mission school leh hospital-te pen i theisa in koi mai vai in, i phoh pha non lou uh American Baptist missionary-te’n zawnna galdouna dia a nasepte uh khenkhat i sui tha ding uhi. January 1912 in Kohima khua apat American missionary Rev. Sidney Rivenburg in USA a om a tanu a di’n laithot khat a gelh a, Naga-te neh-le-suina lam leh society pumpi a vei dan a gen hi. Rev. Rivenburg in English Jersey bawngpi thum Manipur ah hing kipaw tung a, ghee factory pat a kisawm dan a gen hi. Tua bangpi (cows) thumte min pen Faith, Hope, leh Charity ahi uhi. Tami teng thum lah ah, Rev. Rivenburg in Naga gam a khoi ding in, Bawngpi Hope kichi pen a lei sawn a, tami Jersy Bawngpi chidam tah in Naga gam a hing tung hi. Tami Bawngpi Hope in nou khat ahing nei a, Rivenburg in bawngnou min din Patience a chi hi. Hinanleh Naga gam mual-le-tangte keen mama a, ni khat thum gualna a nei lai tah un, mi khat in Rivenburg kung ah na Bawngpi Hope keen ah kesuh ta, chi’n ahing gen hi. Bawmgpi Hope pen keen sangpi apat na kesuh ma a, a dam zou non sih hi. Tuaziah in, Rev. Rivenburg in a 1912 a a-laithot ah hichi’n a gen hi:
“So has perished every endeavor I have made in trying to improve the material resources of the Nagas; only Christianizing and educating them seems to have been successful”[ix].
Zoukam a lekhiatna,
“Naga-te nei-le-lam tahsa lam khantouna dia theitawp sua a ka panlanate a kuitung zou sih a, Tapidaw suah sahna leh laisimna lam maimai a loching dan in a kilang hi.”
Welsh Presbyterian mission leh American Baptist mission-te’n Tapidaw hattuam dettah India Mal-suah lam a om theina din, sum-le-pai a hattuam ama keng a din thei ngai ahi chi thei chian mama uhi. Hattuam-te pen sum-le-pai a koima khut a kinga lou di’n a hanchiam uhi. Tuami di’n sum suidan leh mudan lampi a hil uh a ngai hi. Thupil khat in, na lawmpa na deisah leh, na nga (fish) matsate na hop sang in, nga matdan ding hil zawh in, a na chi bang dah ahi.
Assam a American missionry, Rev. A.K. Gurney in 1886 Missionary Khawmpi ah hichin a gen a, “Tapidaw a suah ziah mai un bang ma a thawn in pe sin, ahithei tan in silthawn piah [gingtu suah thate] mawh piah vawt sin len, sil khat pou na piah leh a nasep thaman ziah hi zaw hen … Amau-le-amau nasep silbawl a changkanna a tahlat lou uleh, a thawn in summuna (income) pe sin”[x]. American Baptist missionary mudan in zawnna gal midang tung a kinga a, sil thawn piah a suhveng thei hilou ahi, chi a kilang hi. Tapidaw suah ziah mai a zawnna bei ding ahi sih a, zawnna doudan ding lampi pen missionary-te’n hing kohmu thei giap uhi. Ei-le-ei kiseh ngai a, eima ngei in pandan ding lampi suingai-kanngai a, lampi tuamtuam sial ngai zel zawh hi. Tami tawh kisai in, antang-ham hing kipatdan tanchin zong i gen kha ngai ta uhi. Missionary tuamtuam in, amau mimal theina-le-siamna tawh kituah in, zawnna galdou dan ding ngaidan tuamtuam a nei uhi. Rev. Rivenburg in Jersey Bawngpi khoidan apat sawm bang in, American missionary veve Rev. Bronson in 1850 lai in Naga Tapidaw suathate haichi-le-theinou tha suan di’n ana hanthon hi. Naga khua Namsang mun apat 14 March 1840 in a kigelh a laithot ah Rev. Bronson in hichin a gen hi:
“Naga-te pen sumbu bawlna lam leh haichi phatuam khat poupou chiinna lam ah lunglut tuah uhi. Haichi zaat tuamtuam chiin pat ding ka lunggul a, gehu, aalu, huan me chi tuamtuam, leh pat (cotton) zong a gamlei tang tawh kituah di’n ka gingta hi. Apple leh theinou dang tampi zong chiin thei ahi ding uhi”[xi].
Welsh Presbyterian missionary Rev. Thomas Jones in zong Khasi society a zawnna om pen na vei mama a, ama pan theina tan ah, Khasi Tapidaw-te nehsui-tahsuidan lampi changkang zaw leh “Community Development” panlah ding dan na kohmu sawm hi. Thomas Jones in Khasi-te aalu (potato) chiindan tha a zilsah ban ah, suang-meihol zatdan tha a hil hi. Khasi-Jaintia gam ah suang-meihol tampi om a, hinanleh tuami lai in a gammite’n “lime” suangnot mei a halna di’n suang-meihol saang in singtun ma na zang nalai uhi[xii]. Tami Welsh missionary Jones muna pat in, Khasi-te tahsap pen hagau khantouna mai hilouin, “hagau-tahsa-khotang” a khantouna kining ching zaw ahi.
Tualeh Rev. John Pengwern Jones zong Sylhet leh Maulvi Bazaar a Welsh missionary poimaw mama khat ahi. Tu’n Sylhet leh Maulvi Bazaar munte Bangladesh ah om ta ua, hinanleh British “colonial” hun lai in India Mal-Suah gam a kingaisun ahi uhi. Rev. J.P. Jones (Mizogam a Zosaplhui “D.E. Jones” pen hi lou) in Sylhet ah 1887 apat a zi tawh missionary nasep a na pan uhi. Sylhet a tun zou kaal khat sung in a zi in cholera hing vei in a sisan phut ta hi. A shi hun ding thei hileh kilawm in, a zi in Rev. Jones kung ah, “Ken hing sisan leng bang na chi diai?” a chi thei zel hi. Jones in a dawnna ah, “Tua ka pandan le ni in na ka sep belap ding” a chi hi. Sylhet a om sung in Jones in khristian magazine ni a sun a, school zong a hong hi. Tua zou in Maulvi Bazaar kichi khua ah a kituan leuleu, tami mun ah tagate etkolna ding inn khat a pan khia hi. A zi shi zou in Jones a le ni in na a seem hi, chi thei ahi. Thum mi ahiziah in, Maulvi Bazaar ah Jones in gua (bamboo) a kilam Thumnna Inn – “basha” – kichi khat a tung ding a, zingkal teng tami mun ah thumna a nei hi. Thum mi ahivang in, Jones pen mi “practival” mama ahia, thumna a gintat bang in nasep zong a gingta hi. Maulvi Bazaar a tun in, tami khomite hamsatna thupi pen leiba bat leh sum leitawi thu ahi chi a thei khia hi. Sum met niam tah a sum leitawina ding lampi a om lou ziah in, mi tampi’n leiba dit seng lou a ba uhi. Tuaziah in, Rev. Jones in Maulvi Bazaar khomite panpina “Co-operative Bank” khat a hong a, kum tampi tami bank ah director na a sem hi.
India in 1947 a zalenna a mu zou apat, Tumlam missionary-te’n ei-le-ei i kitoudel theina di’n awlawl in ahing peisan ta uhi. Amau un India Mal-Suah gam a “hagau-tahsa-khotang” khantouna ding leh “zawnna galdouna” mabang ana pat sate uh tuni’n maban zop ding pen ei khut a om ahi ta hi. Ei Zou suang ah pen Tumlam mikang – Father Ravarico sim lou – koima hing pei sih nanleh, unau Mizo, Thadou leh Paite kampaute apat Tanchin Pha in ahing zel sua ta hi. Tu’n Zou tate zong eima keng a ding a, i nua leh ma pilvang tah a en vengveng a, maban zawnna gal bang chi dou ding ahiai? chi sui thuh leh kan a kisap ta hi. I kim-le-kiang bouruak kikhel zel ah bang chi panlah ding chi kikup hun mama ta a, zekai sim bawn ahi ta hi. Tunai in, Manipur a nehsui-tahsui dan ding lampi kikupna khat ah, Dr S. Vettivel in Manipur singtanggam lei tawh “Vanilla spice plan”[xiii] kituah ding hi, chi a mukhia hi. Aman Kerala leh Karnataka taanggam a “Vanilla plant” kichiin bang in, Manipur ah zong kichiing thei ding hi, a chi hi. Tualeh Dr Vettivel in singkung lian pipi, “pine tree” (meila sing) chite suan pen tha-le-zung senna tawh summuna (income) kituah lou in a ngaisun a, meet a sa sih hi. “Vanilla” ahileh bepi kung leh ga kung bang a sing bazaam khat ahia, Mexico mun apat hing kithei khia ahia, gamlum (tropics) tawh kituah sing-bazaam ahi. Tu’n South India tan pha ah India mite’n chiing ua, “spice” mantam mama ahiman in, summuna nah (income) hoi mama a suah hi.
“BANG DIA EI MITE HICHI ZAWN TA LAWM I HIAI?”
Zou Tapidaw-te kum 50 bang a upa ahitah man in, Khristian-te “hagau-tahsa-khotang” lam tawh kisai buainate zong piching tah a mudan-etdan nei thei ding dei huai pan ta hi. Zawnna pen mihingte tahsa leh khotang khantouna ding mai hilou in, Tapidaw-te hagau lam khantouna di’n zong nohpha phaban hi. Zawn dan leh hau dan siam ding i gen lai un zong, zawnna galdou ding pen nelsia tuan lou ding ahi. Mipil khat in hichin a gen a, “Mizawng-te a din Pasian pen annpheng” ahi mai hi. Thuhun Lui sung a Jew mipil Agur in zong mi zawngte pen dihtat ut nanleh uh, hamsa a sa vevo uh hi, chi thei ahi ngei dia, Pasian kung ah zawnna apat suahtat ding a ngen hi. Agur in hausat seng zong a dei sih a, zawn seng zong a dei sih hi (Prov. 30: 8). Agur in hau seng leng Pasian manghil kha vang in, zawng seng leng lah gutah kha vang in Pasian ka suminse kha ding hi, achi hi (Prov. 30:9). Zou Tapidaw-te pen a hau seng sang in, a zawng seng a Pasian suminse lam ki hi zaw dan hi. Tum lam Tapidaw-te khenkhat pen a hau seng a Pasian manghil hi kha na ven, hinanleh ei India Mal-Sua lam a Tapidaw-te’n pen tu-le-tu’n zawnna galdou ding tampi kinei nalai hi. Tumlam Tapidaw-te mit a et in, ei Zou-te zawndan pen theisiam hamsa phial hi.
Sum Nah Kang, Zogam Lei Tul Ta, Maban Bang E ?
Delhi a ka om sung in, khat vei Lamka lam mi Delhi a central service sem khat in, “Bang dia ei mite hichi zawn ta lawm i hiai? I thasiat seng ziah hou a zawng hi kha vai” chi’n ahing gen doh phut hi. Tami dotna pen dawn hamsa ka sa mama a, ka manghil sawm zel hi. Hinanleh Zou Tapidaw-te zawndan leh Tumlam Tapidaw-te dinmun ka mu chiang in, a tha in tami dotna, “Bang dia ei mite hichi zawn ta lawm i hiai?” chi ka geldoh zel hi. Delhi a tami dotna hing bawltu in eimi-te thasiat ziah a zawng hidin a hisap hi. Delhi a niteng a zingkal apat nitum tan office a a-nasep dan utawh tekah in, Manipur a state service semte pen aman thasia sa ahi tham ding hi. Hinanleh eimi singtang a teeng, phalva apat nitum tan louhoute pen thasia kichi thei lou a, nanleh a taimat vang un a zawng veve uhi. Zawnna pen mi khenkhat a di’n thasiat ziah hi thou nanleh, mikim a di’n thasiat ziah hi gige sam lou dan ahi. Tua ahileh “Bang dia ei mite hichi zawn ta lawm i hiai?”
Dawnna khat ahileh sum muna (income) nei lou ziah, ahilouleh income neu ziah a zawng i hi, chi pen i theisa ahi. Punjab a “Green Revolution” zou apat, India in neh ding bu-le-baal hau mama a, a koina ding taangpang nasan nei non lou a, Indian Ocean tuipi sung ah antang a bag bag in a pai khia uhi. Antang leh buhum inn dim in om nanleh, “income” i nei lou leh ei neh pha ding om tuan lou dan ahi. Gendan tuam in gen ta lei, ei singtangmi-te a di’n lou haw ngai lou ahi, income nei pou lei bu-le-bal India mun dang apat neh seng lou om hi. Pasian in khovel a mun leh gam tuamtuam siam a, bu-le-baal chiinna din ei singtanggam sang a hoi zaw tampi a siam hi. Punjab Phaizang, Ganga Phaizang leh Brahmaputra Phaizang-te maimai in zong India mipi-te neh ding bu-le-baal kiningching tah in piangsah zou hi. Tuaziahin ei singtang mualdawn pen Pasian in bu-le-baal chiinna dia hoi pen a a-siam munte hi khol lou ding ahi. I singtanggam leitang tawh kituah zaw haichi leh theinou-singnou sum (income) mu theina tampi om zaw kha maithei hi. Tuabang thu-le-late lim tah a i kan a, guntu tah a i sui uh poimaw mama hi. Tulai tah a ei singtangmi Tapidaw-te louhaw dan pen Pasian silsiamte tawh kidouna ahidan khatvei i gen kha ngai ta uhi. Sing-le-guate mei a hal tumna, zu-le-vate tawh ki melmatna, leh Pasian silsiamte theisiam sawm lou a gaal bawlna-te bang Tapidaw-te chindan zau huai ahi dan thei hun ta hi. I Zogam a Pasian silsiamte i theisiam lou ua, i kidoupi den uleh, khatvei chiang in silsiamte’n phuba hing la ngei dia, van guatui-te na san in hing nuasan dia, i Zogam sehneel gam gawta hing suah dia, zawnna leh gentheina tua sang a huaise zawh hing tung thei hi. Ei Manipur a singtang lou houte’n “jhuming” (kum teng a loumun kituan) a chiin lai un, Tapidaw gam veve Nagaland ah a changkang zaw deu “terrace cultivation” a pan zou ta uhi. Singtangmi thou Naga-te’n hichibang “terrace” louhawdan a nei thei uleh, bang dia ei Manipur mi te’n zong tua i “jhuming” louhawdan “terrace” a khel thei lou ding i hiai? Naga-te experience apat louhawdan tha “terrace” tawh kisai zil thei tampi i nei ding uhi. Zawnna galdouna a chitah a i pankhawm uleh, silsiamte tawh kilem kawm a neh suidan leh “income” nei dan ding lampi thatha i khuat khe thei ngei ding uhi.
Kam Kibe, Neh Ding Kiam; Khut Kibe, Sep Ding Lah Om Lou!
Ei singtangmi te’n i lungsim leh chiindante khel ut sih nanleh, hunte hing kikhel zel a, i kim-le-vel a bourual leh silsiamte nasan kikhel zel uhi. Tuamiziah tah a nidang i louhaw-singpuah dante zong a hun-le-mun zil a puatha (improve) ngai zel hi. Neh-le-tah suina lam ah ning kum a chiindan hoi mama pen tu kum a di’n hoi zou non lou mai thei hi. Tukum a sil hoi te kumkia a di’n a phattuamna neu mai thei hi. I tupna-le-nimna zawnna dou ding pen kibang den nanleh, tuami zawnna doudan ding lampi pen ahun-le-mun zil in kikhel thei tham hi. Tami pen Mangkam in “kikhelna leh kibatna danpi” (principle of continuity and change) ki chi thei zel hi. Sil bangkim a kikhel lai in, a kikhel tuan lou khen khat om gige hi. Pasian itna kikhel lou a, Jesu zong ziani, tuni leh kumtawn in kibang hi. Pasian itna kikhel sih nanleh, a hing puidan lampite kikhel zel hi. “Tami mun ah sawt na om seng ta ua, kihei un len, mailam nawt un …” (Deut. 1: 6) a hing chi hun a tam mama a, nanleh a aw i za nai? Pasian itna kikhel lou a, hinanleh mihing hinkhua pen pianni apat sini tan kikhel toutou hi. Vangam sim lou, khovel ah sil zousia kikhel gige a, a kikhel thei dia Pasian lemguat ahi zawh hi. Tualeh khovel a sil kikhel thei vawt loute pen hinna nei lou china ahi. Ahun-le-mun zil a sil kikhel theite bou omden zaw uhi. Kikhelna sung ma ah kibatna om thei zaw hi.
Kikhelna danpi i gen lai in, Ulster Museum (Belfast) a Dinasaur lian tah guguah kitung ka va mu pen ka phoh tha hi. Nidang hun khat lai in, hichibang ganhing lian pipi Dinasaur kichi te’n khovel pumpi na lua dim ua, hinanleh awlawl in khovel bouruak (climate) hing kiheng hi. Hichibang climate kihen hun a kikhel thei lou Dinasaur-te pen hing zou ta lou ua, tuni chiang in chigam siang ta uhi. Dinasaur-te tanchin apat i chiindan, nehsui dan leh ngaidan khen khat nasan a hun-le-mun zil a siamtha, puatha leh khel zelzel a poimaw dan i phoh tha thei hi. Hinanleh mihingte pen Dinasaur ganhing bang lou in, sia-le-pha khen theina lungsim tawh siam i hi uhi. I kim-le-vel bouruak a Pasian silsiam-te (nature) gen tham lou, mihing silsiam-te (culture) kikhel dan muthei leh theisiam ding in lungsim kihong leh khophohna kitaathiam i poimaw mama uhi. Hi chi bang lungsim kihong pen siamsinna “science” sung mai a muthei hi lou in, laphuah-thuphuah leh Sam-geltu lungsim ah zong kilang hi. Sam-geltu’n Pasian silsiamte a en chim la a, hapi, nisa, khohunte, humpi nelkai leh nasem di’a zingta mihingte bang a suut chimla a, “Mangpa, na nasepte thupi hi na e! Pilna tawh bangkim na siam a, na silsiamte’n khovel a lua dim phitphet uhi” (Sam 104: 24) ana chi hial hi. Tualeh Sawltah Paul in zong hichi bang “khophohna kitaathiam” a nei a, mihing silsiam leh kipunkhawmna (society) a sil hoi om taphot Pasian apat hing kipan ahi chi ngaidan a nei hi. Tuaziahin, sil hoi taphot, sil kilawm taphot leh genphat bang sil taphot ngaisun di’a hanthawn i hi (Phil. 4: 8). Sam-geltu’n Pasian silsiam (nature) limlang bang in ahing ensah a, Greek pilna teng sinkha ngai Paul in mihing silsiam (culture) hoi teng Pasian apat ahidan ahing hil hi. Sam-geltu’n siamzilna “science” sung ah Pasian silsiam dim phitphet in a mu a, Paul in mihing “society” sung ah sil kilawm leh genphat bang tampi a mu hi. Tuaziah in, zawnna galdouna ah zong hi chi bang lungsim kihong leh khophohna kitaathiam poimaw hi. Pasian in Zou Tapidaw-te a zawng ding mawng a ahing lemguat hi lou ahi. I kimvel ah Pasian silsiam (nature) leh mihing khutsua (cuture) i sui ding, kan ding, sin ding, thei ding, leh neh-le-tah suidan tanpha pilna tampi om hi. Adihtah in, ei Manipur mite pen “gam hausa sung a mizawng teeng” i hi zawh uhi. University leh college tuan kha sese lou a Pasian silsiam-te zilna “science/nature” leh mihing pilna zilna “society/culture” batphah ding tam mama hi. Hinanleh “lungsim kihong”[xiv] leh khophohna kitaathiam poimaw masa a, Sam-geltu’n hichi in a geen hi:
“Nisua-nitum nasan in thugen a nei a,
Zan khomial nasan in pilna thu a gen khia hi.
A aw-gin uh kizah louna hamkam leh kammal a om sih” (Sam 19: 2-3).
Ei singtangmi te’n i louhawdan mai hilou in, i inntendan bang zong zawnna galdouna di’n a phatuam nai chi ettha ngai ta hi. Nidang in nu-le-pate’n ta tampi na dei ua, ta tam nei pen gualzawlna dan in na kingaisun hi. Damtheina dan (hygine) a kithei nai lou ziah in, naupang li-le-nga piang lah ah, khat khel suata zou lou mawh uhi. Tualeh naupang suata sunsunte zong kial (etsahna di’n Mautam) a sina, leh mi pul a sina chite toh kigamla lou uhi. Tualeh naupang etkolna di’n school kaina leh tulai sum seenna-te om lou a, naupang khat nu-le-pa tha khel ahing chin naleh ki thaneh (labour) pai ngal hi. Hichibang dinmun ah, lou nasep ding tampi om a, nasep ding (labourers) a tawm gige hi. Ta tam neite pen nasemtu tam nei china ahia, bu-le-baal zong hau ding china ahi pai hi. Singgam-lougam zong kining ching nalai a, kum 10 -20 zou chiang in Zogam kidua (recover) zou zel a, leitang zong hoi mama nalai hi. Hinaleh ei Manipur singtangmi te lah ah, 1950 vel apat solkal damdawi zatui-zahate hing tung ta sam a, naungeh piang teng phial dam kim ua, naupang tam zaw nungah-tangval a suah zel uhi. Dam louna ziah a misi a tawm mama a, hinanleh naungeh piang pen a kiam seng sih hi. An nethei kam tampi a kibelap a, hinaneh i Zogam leitang in mikim neh ding bu-le-baal ahing pe zou non sih hi. Solkal nasan in mikim a ding genthada, laisiamte sepna ding kham (job) a pe zou non sih hi. Tu hun chiang in, nasem ding mi a tam a, hinanleh nasep ding bangma a om sih, chi ding dinmun i tung ta uhi. I gam a zawnna tampi leh “income” kiningchin louna tampi “family planning” i nelsia ziah uh ahi. “Bang dia ei mite hichi zawn ta lawm i hiai?” chi dawnna khat ahileh i thasiat ziah hi lou in, sep ding leh sep tah nasep i mu zou lou ziah ahi. Tami dinmun i tunna ziah ahileh i bouruak kikhel zel leh hun kikhel lam muthei lou a, nidang lai bang a ta tampi i nei na lai ziah ahi. Agam leitang in a vah zou lou leh a puah zou lou ding khop sang a mihing tamzaw a om hun chiang in, tuami mun-le-mualte ah aata mangkuan kitu bang in nam-le-nam kidouna-te bang om nuam sese hi, chi Kihauna-lam Suimite’n (Conflict Experts) a na musuah zou ta uhi. I bouruak a dih lou chiang in, neh-le-tah suina hamsa deudeu a, zawnna nasa semsem a, nam-le-nam kal kihoutheina tanpha a tawp ah hing subuai thei hi. Tualeh milip (population) zong a gam leitang leh khotang khandan tawh kituah lou a thakhat a apum hulhul leh kim-le-kiang bouruak nahpi in subuai thei hi. Japan Gaal (World War II) hun tan in ei Manipur singtangmi-te lah ah “family planning” kisam nai lou hi. Hinaleh tu kum zabi 21 hun ah, zawnna galdouna di’n “family planning” pen a poimawna lian mama hi. Tami hun kikhel leh khang kikhel a ngaidan tha pom thei lou mite maban ding musa ahi: ta-le-naute school gina a kaisah zou lou ding, naupangte a hing pichin chiang ua sepna hoi muna dia pilna-siamna kivaat ding, summuna (“income”) kiningching nei lou ding, zawnna saltang ding maban himai hi. Zawnna galdouna ah, chindan tha leh ngaidan tha tawh kikhel thei louna pen ei-le-ei suangkul sung a kikhumna chi khat ahing suah leuleu hi.
“Infrasturture” Khantouna Bang china Ahiai ?
Tualeh zawnna galdouna ah mimal a taimatna ziah maimai a septhei-bawltei a tawm mama hi. Zawnna bulpi pen society kilamdan dih lou ziah ahia, mimal khat-le-ni khelna ziah ahi gige sih hi. Amasa in, society pumpi huap a khantouna nasep kivaat ziah a mimal leh khotang a zawnna hing om ahi zaw hi. Khantouna nasep zungpi-te Mangkam in “infrastructure development” ki chi sese hi. Inn kuan khat in kum 10 kham ding bu-le-baal hou khe nanleh, tami pen “infrastructure” khantouna hi bai lou hi. Bazaar nupi khat in sum muna (income) a le-sawm a tam nei be in, TV leh car tha-te lei zou nanleh “infrastructure” khantouna hi tuan lou hi. Society pumpi huap a phattuamna di’n solkal ahilou leh organisation khat in lamlian (roads) sial in, lei (bridge) daw in, ahilouleh community hall khat tung ding taleh tami pen “infrastructure development” kichi thei pan giap hi. Aziah pen “infrastructure” khantouna khat poupou in mihing tampi a di’n neh-le-tah suina leh “income” muna piang sah sawnsawn thei hi. Tuaziah in, “Bang dia ei mite hichi zawn ta lawm i hiai?” chi a dawnna khat ahileh “infrastructure” khantouna om lou ziah ahi.
India mun dang tawh tekah in, Mal-Suah lam India ah i gam kumpi in “infrastructure” khantouna nasep a nelsia mama uhi. Tuni tan a electric meivah a i taan uh Loktak Hydro Project maimai “intrastructure” khantouna dia India solkal in Manipur a a-nasep gentham ching ahi pan hi. Ei Churachandpur bial ah bang ma “infrastructure” nasep gina solkal in a nei sih a, Khuga Dam lah tuni tan in zawh ahi nai sih hi. Phaipi-Lamka kikawmna lampi Tedim Road nasan India solkal in “infrastructure” khantouna di’a a sial ahi laizang sih a, Japan Gaal lai a, British solkal in sepaite gaal lampi dia kin-le-buang a a-na sial ahi zaw hi. Tuni tan in zong tami lampi Manipur State solkal in pua hamsa a-sanalai hi. I vang khopi Lamka pen Pasian in vantung apat ahing khiah suh ahi sih a, Tedim Road leh Tipaimukh Road-te kimutuana khua ahiziah a khopi hing suah thei ahi zaw hi. Tami Tedim leh Tipai lampi ka ni tegel om lou leh, Lamka om thei lou ding a, tami khopi sung a nehsuina-tahsuina teng zong om thei lou ding hi. Lampi sial leh lei daw chite pen thu maimai hilou a, “infrastructure” khantouna zungpi ahi uhi. Kum 50 peisa a tami Tedim Road a thauvui-thautang tawh na kidel Japan-te leh British-te zong hun in a nuai mang ta hi. Tuahun lai in, tami lamlian dung mama a Lamka mite unau-le-unau 1997-98 kum a Tual Gaal a kidel ding ahi uh chi koima’n a thei sih ding hi. Tuban kum 50 zou chiang in tu a Tedim Road lamlai a vah vial mi tampite leikha an maimai kisuah ta dia, hinanleh Tedim Road pen om nalai sam ding hi. Mihing in “Infrastructure” khantouna dia a-sial lamlian-te’n a society uleh a mimal nehsui-tahsuidan mama kheng (shape) kia hi. Mihing-te’n lamlian a sial ua, tuazou chiang in a lamlian sialsate un amau a lehsial kia hi. Lamlian leh lei (bridge) gina kidaw louna munte ah khantouna zong tung phaban lou dia, ngaidan thate luan theina ding “lei” zong sial hamsa pai ding hi. “Infrastructure” i lamsate’n i bouruak-te nasan society phattuamna di’n lemtha thei ua, tuachi’n mihing khutsuah mama “infrastructure” te leh bouruak tha te’n ngaidan leh hindan changkang zaw hing pesawn thei uhi. Ei khang a mite leikha an a suah hun chiang in zong, i khutsuah “infrastructure” te’n i tu-le-tate society tanpha kheng (shape) sawn thei nalai uhi.
Bang ding a singtangmi-te teenna Churachandpur a phualpi leh State solkal in “infrastructure” khantouna nasep a nelsia uh ahiai? Ei a mipite’n i nelsia ziah leh i thupi ngaisun lou ziah a solkal in phaze sa ahi kha ding hi. I gam leh i society pumpi khantou theina ding “infrastructure” khantouna sang in puansan pou kidei zaw a, volley ball, tarpaulin, leh mimal “saction” pou ki dei zaw moh hi phot ven! Na mimal vote ahilou leh na inn kuan vote sum Rs.100/- ahilouleh Rs. 200/- tou a na zuah leh, na minam zuah na hia, natu-natate mailam ding zuah na hia, “infrastructure” khantouna i society a dia zuah zong nahi malam hi. “Infrastructure” khantouna om louna mun ah mimal khat-le-ni hausa kha mai thei a, inn kuan khat-le-ni zong hausa maithei ding hi; hinanleh society pumpi ah khantouna tangpi tung thei ngaingai lou ding a, zawnna galdou ding kiam tuan lou ding hi. Nehgu-tahgu leh dihtat louna (corruption) ziah a zong mimal khat leh inn kuan khat hausat thei tham ahi. Hinanleh hi chi bang hausatnate ziah in society pumpi a “infrastructure” khantouna teng ki netum thei a, zawnna gal dou ding a kibelap maimai hi. “Infrasturcture” khantouna om thei na di’n mimal leh khotang a dihtatna kisam a, tuaban ah kipum khat a gamsung vai hawmte kung a i gam sung hamsatna leh zawnna galdouna dia “infrastructure” khantouna kingen thei pan ding hi. Tulai tah, ei singtangmi-te lungsim putdan tampi pen hi chi dan in ka thei hi. Etsahna di’n, Pasian in vantung apat i gam gentheina leh zawnna gaal douna di’n “infrastructure” khantouna ding sum a lompi’n hing khesu nanleh mi tampi in kipahna dan thei tuan lou dia, “Kei ma mimal pocket money ding lah hi lou a, kei tawh kisai kha sih?” chi tampi om din ka gingta hi. Bangkim mimal khan touna, ai tuam phattuamna leh inn sung khantouna ding “mit” maimai a i et gige ziah un, society chi ngaidan nasan i nei thei sih ua, Zoukam ah society khiatdan ding nasan kammal om lou mawh a, “khotang” pou chi ngai mai hi. Society chi khiatna i thei chiang in, “infrastructure” khantouna kuuldan zong i theithei pai ding uhi.
Mipi van leh “infrastructure” silte – electric gui gu a taubel a sun, signboard-te saili a kaap siat, lei (bridge) mei a haltum, community hall inn tung langva-te mimal innlamna di’a guhmang, contractor dihtat lou a nasepna – chite Zou sung a chiindan hoilou tampi in “infrastructure” khantouna nasatah in a dal hi. I gam a zawnna galdouna di’n hichinbang gamtat hoi lou-te mipi melma bang a ngaisut ding kisam hi. Tualeh mipi van khat poupou kineisah ngai a, eima mimal van bang a kepbit ngai hi. “Bang dia ei mite hichi zawn ta lawm i hiai?” chi dawnna kia ahileh i gam a “infrastructure” development gina solkal in a seplou lou ziah mai hilou in, “infrastructure” om sunsunte ei mama in i suhsiat lou leh i guhmang paipai ziah uh ahi. I khosung a Community Hall khat a kilam leh, contractor-te’n ahiding bang in a lam nai chi mi piching zou sia in kan a, thei ngai ahi. Tualeh nehguna om lou – ahilouleh nehguna a tawm thei pen a – tuami Hall a kilam zou chiang in, a kep ding leh zuun ding pen society pumpi mawpuahna ahi kia hi. Khosung apat bang ka netum thei diai, ahilouleh bang ka gu thei diai? chi ding hi lou in, “Society khantouna di’n piah thei bang ka nei diai?” chi lungsim khua ding ahi. Hichibang lungsim mi kim in nei thei sih nanleh, mi a tamzaw in a hing neithei hun chiang in, zawnna galdouna ah i mataal huaihuai ta ding uhi.
THUKHAHNA
Zawnna galdou pat theina di’n bang dia zawnna hing om masa ahiai? chi thei a ngai hi. Zawnna bang china ahiai? chi dotna pen suitham ching hinanleh, bangma i gen tam sih uhi. Bible thuhilna pansan leh i gam a Khristian missionary masate nasepdan sui tha in, tami thului (article) ah zawnna in Tapidaw-te “hagau-tahsa-khotang” pichinna leh khantouna bukim dal phabaan hi, chi i tahlang ta uhi. Mizawngte vangam tung lou ding, china ahi laizang sih a, hinanleh zawnna pen Jesu’n “hinna nempi na nei thei na ding un” (John 10:10) achi tawh kituah lou hi, chi nuam i hi zawh uhi. Sam gelhtu in “Dihtatna in nam a tawi sang” a chi ban ah, “Mi dihtat khut daw a vah ka mu ngai sih” zong achi hi. Thuhun Lui lam ah midihtat Job pen Pasian ze-etna ziah in tomkhat suh zawng in a om a, hinanleh Pasian in aleni in a gualzawl kia veve hi (Job 42: 10). Pasian deina ah Tumlam tapidaw gamte a hausat a, Suahlam gamte a zawn teitei ding chi ahi tuan sih ding hi. Pasian silsiamte a zat ding dan thei lou, i bouruak kikhel zel pen thei siam louna ziah, leh “khophohna kitaathiam” a Tapidaw-te “hagau-tahsa-khotang” khantouna kining ching zawh i nelsia ziah a i society pumpi zawnna saltang ahi maithei ding hi. Zawn dan, hau dan siam ding i gen lai un, zawnna galdou ding nelsia tuan sih vai, chi ut i hi. Paunahte sung a mipil Agur in, “Mangpa hing zawng sah sin, zong hing hausa sah seng sin” a chi pen Tapidaw-te thumdan dia ettontah ahi dan gen ut i hi. Sumsui-paisui dan tawh kisai in, Jesu’n “vah tate sang in khovel mite tambang lam sang ah a pil zawh uh” (Luke 16:8) a chi pen lim tah in ngaisun tha di’n i kichial uhi. Tualeh Tapidaw te’n i society khantouna din mopuahna poimaw i neidan gen ut i hi. Mi khenkhat in, theisiam louna leh Zoukam in a chit lou ziah in, society leh hattuam pen melma dan phial in a gen ua, hagau pichinna leh tahsa-khotang khantouna thute a malmal in a khen khiat sawm uhi. Hinanleh Khristian-te “hagau-tahsa-khotang” pichinna pen kiselbuh tah leh kituah tah a zawh khawm sah ding ahi dan tuban vom tinten ta vai. Tuaziah in, thudih ha ni a leeng in, thudih maitang ni tegelh muthei di’n, i Khristian “khophohna kitaathiam” gige ahi nai chi kivel tha zel vai.
Notes and References:
[i] National Library of Wales (Aberystwyth) – Calvinistic Methodist Archives, Schedule 27, 314: Peter Fraser, Letters 1908-1932, File I.
[ii] NLW – CMA 27,318, File V: The “Bawi” System in Lushai – Dr. Fraser’s Case.
[iii] Ibid.
[iv] John Bunyan in “Khristian” pen hun tam zaw tangtat sah in, a mimal hinkhua maimai kilang sah nanleh, society pulam ah pen koi thei sam lou hi. Lungkiatna Dawi (Giant Despair) in suang-kul sung a a khum lai na san in zong, Khristian pen society pulam ah om tuan lou a, Gin-om (Faithful) in om pi gige hi. A bubit louna leh kilanglep (unbalanced) na khen khat om nanleh, Bunyan laibu, Khristian Khualzin pen Tapidaw tengteng in sim di’a kideisah huai mama hi.
[v] Kuyper. Abraham, ‘Calvinism and the Future’ in The Stone Lectures (Published in 1898) p. 188.
[vi] Kuyper, ‘Calvisnism and Religion’ in The Stone Lectures, p. 73.
[vii] Kuyper, ibid., p.51.
[viii] Simbe in, “Tangmi Pha leh Zawnna Sal Pawtna”, Gospel Tangkou Jan-April 2004 issue, p. 7.
[ix] Rivenburg, Narola (ed.) The Star of the Naga Hills: Letters from Rev. Sydney and hattie Rivenburg (The American Baptist Publication Society, Philadelphia, 1941), pp. 124-125.
[x] The Assam Mission of the American Baptist Missionary Union: Papers and Discussions of the Jubilee Conference held at Nowgong, December 18-20, 1886; p. 121.
[xi] “Letter of Rev. Bronson to Jenkins, dated namsang, Naga Hills, 14 March 1840” in H.K. Barpujari, The American Missionaries and Northeast India (1836-1900 AD): A Documentary Study (Spectrum Publications: Guwahat, 1986), p. 254.
[xii] Rymbai, R. Tokin Roy, “Evolution of Modern Khasi Society” in J.N. Chowdhury, The Khasi Canvas (Chapala Book Stall, Shillong, 1998), p. 420.
[xiii] Dr S. Vettivel, “Manipur’s Development: Who’s Responsible and Where To Start?” [On-line] http://www.manipuronline.com. Accessed 26 September 2004. “Sangai Express” ah zong Dr S. Vettivel in tami thului (article) gelh kha hi. Tualeh “Vanilla” singkung bazaam tawh kisai thuchian sem na utte a di’n, tami website simbe thei ahi, http://www.theepicentre.com/Spices/vanilla; tualeh http://www.theaos.org/publications/bulletin/issues/current/growtips
[xiv] “Lungsim kihong” poimawna ziah ahileh lungsim kikhah sung ah pilna lampi kisial thei lou a, ojate gen lou Pasian in zong sial thei lou hi. Sam-geltu in, “Na kam lianpi in kah in la, ka sudim ding hi” (Sam 81: 10) ana chi hi. Tami pen Thugentu khen khat in Hagau a dimna hilchetna di’n a mang thei zel ua, hinanleh pilna Hagau suina di’n zong hilchetna hoi tah ahi. Theina a dim dan a kingaisutna pen lungsim kot khahna khat ahi pai hi. A omdan pen, “Na lungsim lianpi in hong in la, pilna in ka sudim ding” chi ahi. Lungsim kihong neite a din, i kim-le-pam a Pasian silsiam (nature) leh mihing silsiam (culture)-te apat zil ding ni teng in om hi. I gei a theinou kung khat, ahilouleh huan sung a haichi kung khat ah zong sui tham ching pilna tampi gathei-pathei hi. Mihing silsiam (society) sung a tehse khat, ahilouleh naupang khat maimai kihoulim pina apat zong pilna tampi sin ding om thei hi. Khophohna kitaat hiamte a di’n khovel pumpi Pasian silsiam leh mihing khutsua “science/society” leh “nature/culture” in dim phitphet hi. Laibu sung ah mipil te’n Pasian silsiamte leh mihing silsiamte a mudan-theidan uh kigelh a, tuaziahin laibu hoite sim pen meet mama hi. Laibu zousia hoi kim ka china ahi tuan sih. Laibu hoite pen panpitu leh khutlai (tools) manpha ahi uhi. Hinanleh van-le-lei a Pasian silsiam leh mihing khutsua teng laibu thau penpen in zong dol zou lou ding hi. Laibu teng Mosi “Thu 10 Piahte” bang a zui teitei ding Danbu bang a sim ding ahi sih a, lungsim kihong tah a sim zawh ding ahi. “Tami laibu sung ah Pasian leh mihing silsiam-te ka thei lou leh ngaisut phah ngai lou bang a om ei? Tami laibu in nature/culture thudihte kiselbuh tah in a tahlang ei? Ahilou leh a sil etdan-mudan a kilang leep (unbalanced) na a om ei? ” chi dotna toh, lungsim kitaat hiam tah a lamnaih ding ahi. Labu pen biah (worship) ding ahi sih a, zat (use) ding ahi zawh hi. I zat mun pou leh, a phattuamna kithei deudeu hi.
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